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Akaunakes[1] (Ancient Greek:καυνάκης,romanized: kaunákēs, orγαυνάκης;Classical Syriac:ܓܘܢܟܐ,romanized: gawnɘḵā;[2][3]Akkadian:𒌆𒄖𒅘𒆪TÚGGU-NAK-KU; orpersis; orLatin:gaunaca orgausapa)[4][5] was awoollenmantle that originated inSumeria. It was woven in a tufted pattern, suggesting overlapping petals or feathers by sewing tufts onto the garment or looping them into the fabric.
The origin of this dress is traced to theSumerian civilization, which existed even before 4,000 BC.
The earliest type of dress attested in earlySumerian art is not thekaunakes, but rather akilt or "net dress" which quite closely fits the lower body, while the upper body remains bare.[6] This early net dress looks much more similar to standard textile than the laterkaunakes, which look more like sheepskin with ample bell-shaped volume around the waist and the legs.[6][7]
TheEarly Dynastic Period, between 2,700 and 2,350 BC, was marked by high culture. The dress was aunisex garment which both men and women wore. The skirt was made fromsheepskin and was worn with the skin turned inside and with tufts ornamented like a toothed comb over the wool. It was used as awraparound skirt tied and worn from the waist, extending to the knees.[8] Servants and soldiers wore the shortest garments, while persons of high status wore longer ones[9] with the skirt often extending down to the ankles. The upper part of the body was either covered with another sheepskincloak spread across the shoulders or left bare. It was only around 2,500 BC that the sheepskin garment was replaced by a textile made of woven wool; however, the tuft part of the dress was continued by "sewing tufts onto the garment or by weaving loops into the fabric". TheGreeks called this dress kaunakes. This type of dress is featured in sculptures and mosaics of this period.
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In a Sumerian image dated between 2,900 and 2,600 BC, the dress was worn as apagne, and a simple fleece pelt was used as a body wrap, but retained the tail part. In some images, the wraparound covered the body and crossed over the left shoulder. Following the discovery of weaving, kaunakes were designed with tufts of wool stitched into the cloth to "simulate the curling fleece fur".[10] It was a rustic fabric made ofsheepskin, camel or goat's hide, fashioned as ashawl or skirts called the "thick blanket" that evolved to suit the severe weather conditions of theSumerian and Akkadian Mesopotamian region.[11]
It is also believed that kaunakes, as a fashioned fleece, while not mentioned before 300 BC, could be traced to the 400–300 BC. During the Greek period ofAristophanes, the garment was made from goat's hair or wool in the style of a weightymantle orcape. CopticEgypt, notMesopotamia, is credited with the original design of woven tapestry that projects long locks or strands of wool. Its manufacture evolved into kaunakes when the woven fringe design began to mirror the original fleece and fur and was shaped as amantle. These were worn during the winter season as a shawl over the shoulders, and during summer, adapted as a skirt. Over the centuries, many designs evolved with sleeves, and variants were made with cloth instead of fleece, and eventually, it evolved back to acape sans sleeves.[12]
InAthens, initially the dress was thought to be ofPersian origin, but later it was identified as aBabylonian garment, as it matched the textile practices of the northeast fromMesopotamia. Part of the confusion arose from the naming of the garment, because the root word is linguistically closer to theIranian language, rather than theBabylonian language.[13] The dress was also used by a stage actor in a drama scene ofAristophanes'Wasps inAthens, as the design of the exotic dress suited the dramatic effect, given that it was "visually distinctive," heavy and with small decorative tufts. The Athenians' believe that the kaunakes was of Persian origin and not from Babylon from an understanding that the dress was an exported item and could have originated fromAnatolia (Kilikia orPhrygia), theLevant (Phoenicia orSyria), or Mesopotamia (Babylon), which were all part of thePersian Empire in the fifth century BC.[14]
An image dated to about the 3rd millennium BC from the Temple ofIshtar atMari,Tell Hariri, inSyria shows kaunakes wrapped as a cloak around the shoulders of analabaster image of a woman in a seated posture; the kaunakes are inferred as made from goat hair or wool.[15] From 2,450 BC, it was a royal dress, as seen from the figures in prayer mode in Mesopotamia. The dress was formed with woolly tufts laid successively in horizontal lines and suspended vertically. It was fashioned generally as a woman's dress, adorning the left arm and shoulder with the right side exposing the skin and the breast.[16]
Media related toKaunakes at Wikimedia Commons