TheKār-Nāmag ī Ardašīr ī Pāpagān (Book of the Deeds of Ardashir, Son ofPapag) is a shortMiddle Persian prose tale written in theSasanian period (226–651).[1] It tells the story ofArdashir I, the founder of the Sasanian dynasty, including his rise to the throne, battle against theParthian kingArtabanus IV, and conquest of the Parthian Empire. It also contains sections about his successorShapur and the latter’s son,Hormizd.[1]
According to theKar-Namag, after Ardashir was born toSasan and the daughter ofPabag, he spent his childhood in the court ofArtabanus IV of Parthia and then ran away with a maidservant of the king. After several wars with Artabanus, Ardashir I defeated and killed the king, after which he founded the new empire. TheKar-Namag is permeated withZoroastrian doctrine.
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The sole independent manuscript of this text to have been identified so far iscodex MK, which was copied in 1322 inGujarat by Mihrābān ī Kay-Husraw, a gifted copyist belonging to a well-known family of scribes.[1] The book narrates the epic adventures of Ardashir I, the founder of theSasanian Empire. The story relates how Ardashir's fatherPābag, dreamed that his fatherSasan would be reborn as Ardashir. According to the story,Ardashir I was the natural son of Sassan. A recension of the same story is found in theShahnameh. However, the text draws on more ancientPersian mythology, as some traits of Ardashir’s life as narrated in this work reflect themes found in the legend ofCyrus the Great.[1]
Mary Boyce, a British scholar ofIranian languages, comments,
This is a short prose work, simple in style, probably written in Pars towards the end of the Sasanian period. It, too, was evidently the work of priests, and a comparison withFerdowsi's rendering shows how effectively Zoroastrian elements were obliterated in the Muslimredaction. The Kârnâmag contains some historical details; but its generally romantic character has been explained as due to contamination with legends ofCyrus the Great, still current then in Pars.[2]
The story starts with the birth of Ardashir to Pābag's daughter and Sasan, a descendant of theKayanian dynasty. He leaves his home to be educated by Ardavan, but after an argument with Ardavan's son he is demoted to overseer of the stables. After some time, a favourite maid of theParthian king Ardavan fell in love with Ardashir and informed him of a prophecy that had been announced to the sovereign by the chief astrologer about Ardashir's future greatness.[1] The maid escaped Ardavan's domain and together with Ardashir, they escaped on two horses stolen from his stables along with a sizeable quantity of treasure, weapons, and armour. Ardavan and his troops follow the trail of the maiden and Ardashir. During this pursuit, Ardavan questions passers-by, who tell them that they had seen the couple on the run, followed by a largeram. The king interrogates hisdastur about the meaning of this scene, and the sage answers that the ram represents thefarnah, the divine glory that confers kingship, which had not yet joined with Ardashir. In Persian mythology, once a king possesses thefarnah, he is invincible. During the second day of pursuit, Ardavan is told that the ram sat on the back of Ardashir’s horse. The dastur then advises him to stop his pursuit, since Ardashir now possesses the divine xwarrah. The story follows with the description of Ardashir's triumph over Ardavan in the battle of Hormuzagān. Then follows his campaign against a group of nomads and then his victory against Haftobād, a giant worm, through a stratagem suggested by the pious brothers Burzag and Burz-Ādur.[1] He defeats Haftobād by pouring molten copper down the creature's throat.
The last part of the story relates to the son of Ardashir,Shapur I, and the life of the son of the latter, Ohrmazd. Ardashir’s wife, the daughter of Ardawān, instigated by her brothers, made an attempt on the king’s life.[1] The plot fails, and Ardashīr sentences her to death, but the wise and compassionatemobed (priest) spares her life so that she may give birth. Shapur was raised in the mobed's household. Ardashir had no knowledge of the priest sparing the life of his son. According to theShahnameh, the holy man castrates himself in order to be beyond all suspicion. Years later, the mobed tells Ardashir that he saved Shapur I and consequently is rewarded by Ardashir. An Indian astrologer foretells that Iran will be strong only if Ardashir's family unites with that of his mortal enemy, Mihrag. Ardashir, however, had fought the family of Mihrag and exterminated them. However, a girl from the family of Mihrag survives and marriesShapur. Thus, the son of Shapur, Ohrmazd, is born, and he unites the entireEranshahr under his command and receives tribute and homage from the other kings of the time.[1]
The story has been translated to numerous languages. The oldest English translation was translated byDarab Dastur Peshotan Sanjana, B.A., 1896.[3]