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Julius Adler | |
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| Born | April 30, 1930 Edelfingen, Württemberg, Germany |
| Died | April 2, 2024 (aged 93) |
| Alma mater | Harvard University (A.B., 1952) University of Wisconsin–Madison (M.S., 1954) (Ph.D., 1957) |
| Known for | bacterial chemotaxis |
| Awards | Pasteur Award Medal (1977) Selman A. Waksman Award(1980) Otto-Warburg Medal (1986) R. H. Wright Award in Olfactory Research (1988) Hilldale Award (1988) William C. Rose Award (1996) |
| Scientific career | |
| Fields | biochemistry,genetics |
| Institutions | Washington University in St. Louis (Postdoctoral) Stanford University (Postdoctoral) University of Wisconsin–Madison (1963– ) |
| Academic advisors | Henry A. Lardy Arthur Kornberg A. Dale Kaiser |
Julius Adler (April 30, 1930 – April 2, 2024) was an Americanbiochemist. He had been anEmeritus Professor of biochemistry andgenetics at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison since 1997.
Adler was born inEdelfingen, Germany in 1930. He came to the United States in 1938 at the age of 8 and became a naturalized citizen in 1943. His family settled inGrand Forks,North Dakota where their relatives were among the first Europeans to arrive in 1880.[1] Since he was child, Adler had been fascinated by how organisms sense and respond to the environment.
Adler attendedHarvard University and received his A.B. in Biochemical Sciences in 1952. He then studied withHenry A. Lardy at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison and earned anM.S. in Biochemistry in 1954 and aPh.D. in Biochemistry in 1957.
After graduating, Adler did postdoctoral fellowships withArthur Kornberg in the Department of Microbiology atWashington University School of Medicine (1957–59) andA. Dale Kaiser in the Department of Biochemistry atStanford University School of Medicine (1959–60).[2]
Adler returned to theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison to join the faculty of the Departments of Biochemistry and Genetics as an assistant professor in 1960. He was promoted to associate professor in 1963 and became professor in 1966. He became an emeritus professor in 1997.[3]
He becameEdwin Bret Hart Professor in 1972 and was Steenbock Professor of Microbiological Sciences from 1982 to 1992.
His work was inspired by a butterfly he saw in the woods when he was a child. This interest in butterflies expanded to include other organisms. It evolved into a curiosity about the behavior of organisms. He thought the behaviors of themonarch butterfly laying eggs on milkweeds and the caterpillars staying on the milkweed until maturity can be explained by volatile chemicals from the milkweed.
To study how organisms sense and respond to the environment, Adler decided to study the behavior of bacteria and then ultimately broaden out to the behavior of all organisms. In 1880,Wilhelm Pfeffer, a famous German botanist, had used motile bacteria to study attraction and repulsion by various plant and animal extracts and chemicals. Adler built on this work. Using the system inEscherichia coli (E. coli), Adler showed that bacteria sensed attractants and repellants with sensory proteins he termedchemoreceptors.
These findings led to the discovery of the methylation of a protein in the envelope of E. coli that is involved inchemotaxis. This protein ismethyl-accepting chemotaxis protein (MCP) and it acquires methyl groups frommethionine. Adler also identified the methylated residue of MCP.
Adler eventually discovered that E. coli contain several MCPs which play important roles in chemotaxis sensory transduction system. Strains of bacteria without this protein, or lacking the ability to methylate and demethylate them were unable to respond to stimuli. An increase in concentration of attractants led to an increase in methylation level of MCP; similarly, a decrease in attractants or increase in repellents led to a decrease in methylation level.
By the 1980s, it was determined that bacterial chemotaxis resulted from the regulation of flagellar rotation by chemoreceptors. Bacteria swam more smoothly due to a counterclockwise rotation of their flagella in the presence of increasing attractant. In a decreasing attractant gradient, there is an increase in bacterial tumbling, produced by a clockwise flagellar rotation. Adler isolated bacterial envelopes and found that he could restore counterclockwise flagellar rotation by adding artificial electron donors and an energy source. This suggested that the driving force behind counterclockwise flagellar rotation was the proton electrochemical potential.
Adler was recently doing research on sensory reception and decision making inDrosophila fruitflies. Flies were presented with attractant and/or repellent, and mutants that are neither attracted nor repelled were isolated. Defects in the mutants will be studied in hope of revealing the mechanisms involved.[citation needed]
Adler died April 2, 2024.[4]
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