John Cornelius Hodges (July 25, 1907 – May 11, 1970) was an Americanalto saxophonist, best known for solo work withDuke Ellington's big band. He played lead alto in the saxophone section for many years. Hodges was also featured onsoprano saxophone, but refused to play soprano after 1940.[1] Along withBenny Carter, Hodges is considered to be one of the definitive alto saxophone players of thebig band era.[2]
After beginning his career as a teenager in Boston, Hodges began to travel to New York and played withLloyd Scott,Sidney Bechet,Luckey Roberts andChick Webb. When Ellington wanted to expand his band in 1928, Ellington's clarinet playerBarney Bigard recommended Hodges. His playing became one of the identifying voices of the Ellington orchestra. From 1951 to 1955, Hodges left the Duke to lead his own band, but returned shortly before Ellington's triumphant return to prominence – the orchestra's performance at the 1956Newport Jazz Festival.
John Cornelius Hodges was born in the Cambridgeport neighborhood ofCambridge, Massachusetts, to John H. Hodges and Katie Swan Hodges, both originally fromVirginia.[2] After moving for a short period of time to North Cambridge,[3] the family moved to Hammond Street in the South End ofBoston, where he grew up with saxophonistsHarry Carney (who would also become a long-term member of Duke Ellington’s big band),Charlie Holmes andHoward E. Johnson. His first instruments were drums and piano. While his mother was a skilled piano player, Hodges was mostlyself-taught.[2]
Once he became good enough, he played the piano at dances in private homes for $8 an evening.[2] He had taken up thesoprano saxophone by his teens. It was around this time that Hodges developed the nickname "Rabbit", which some people believe arose from his ability to win 100-yard dashes and outrun truant officers, while others, including Carney, said he was called by that name because of his rabbit-like nibbling on lettuce and tomato sandwiches.[2][3]
When Hodges was 14, he went with his eldest sister to seeSidney Bechet play in Jimmy Cooper'sBlack and White Revue in a Boston burlesque hall.[2] Hodges's eldest sister introduced him to Bechet, who asked him to play something on the soprano saxophone he had brought with him. Hodges played "My Honey's Lovin' Arms" for Bechet, who was impressed with his skill and encouraged him to keep on playing and would also give Hodges formal saxophone lessons. Hodges built a name for himself in the Boston area before moving toNew York City in 1924.[2]
Hodges joined Duke Ellington's orchestra in November 1928. He was one of the prominent Ellington Band members who featured inBenny Goodman's 1938Carnegie Hall concert. Goodman described Hodges as "by far the greatest man on alto sax that I ever heard."[4]Charlie Parker called him "theLily Pons of his instrument."[5]John Coltrane considered Hodges his first model on the saxophone, even calling him “the world's greatest saxophone player.”[6]
In performance: Hodges with Ellington, Frankfurt, Germany, February 6, 1965.
Ellington's practice of writing tunes specifically for members of his orchestra resulted in the Hodges specialties, "Confab with Rab", "Jeep's Blues", "Sultry Sunset", and "Hodge Podge". Other songs recorded by the Ellington Orchestra which prominently feature Hodges's smooth alto saxophone sound are "Magenta Haze", "Prelude to a Kiss", "Haupe" (fromAnatomy of a Murder) – also notable are the "seductive" and hip-swaying "Flirtibird", featuring the "irresistibly salacious tremor" by Hodges,[7] "The Star-Crossed Lovers" from Ellington'sSuch Sweet Thunder suite, "I Got It Bad (And That Ain't Good)", "Blood Count" and "Passion Flower".[3]
He had a puretone and economy of melody on both theblues andballads that won him admiration from musicians of all eras and styles, fromBen Webster andJohn Coltrane, who both played with him when he had his own orchestra in the 1950s, toLawrence Welk, who featured him in an album of standards. His highly individualistic playing style, which featured the use of a widevibrato and much sliding between slurred notes, was frequently imitated. As evidenced by the Ellington compositions named after him, he earned the nicknamesJeep[8] andRabbit – according toJohnny Griffin because "he looked like a rabbit, no expression on his face while he's playing all this beautiful music."[9]
In the 1940s, Hodges played aConn 6M (recognizable by its octave-key mechanism being on the underside of the neck) and later on aBuescher 400 (recognizable by its V-shaped bell-brace) alto saxophone. By the end of his career in the late 1960s, Hodges was playing a VitoLeBlanc Rationale alto (serial number 2551A), an instrument with unusual key-mechanisms (providing various alternative fingerings) and tone-hole placement, which gave superior intonation. Fewer than 2,000 were ever made. Hodges's Vito saxophone was silver-plated and extensively engraved on the bell, bow, body and key-cups of the instrument.[10]
Hodges's last performances were at theImperial Room in Toronto, less than a week before his May 11, 1970, death from aheart attack, suffered during a visit to the office of a dental surgeon. His last recordings are featured on theNew Orleans Suite, which was only half-finished when he died. He was married twice; he had a daughter by his first wife, Bertha Pettiford, and a son (John C. Hodges II) and a daughter (Lorna Lee) by his second wife, Edith Cue.[11]
The loss of Hodges's sound prompted Ellington, upon learning of the musician's death from a heart attack, to lament toJET magazine: "The band will never sound the same without Johnny." In Ellington's eulogy of Hodges, he said: "Never the world's most highly animated showman or greatest stage personality, but a tone so beautiful it sometimes brought tears to the eyes—this was Johnny Hodges. Thisis Johnny Hodges."[12]
Hodges was not a member of Ellington's Orchestra before 1928, or during 1951–55, or after May 11, 1970, when Hodges died. Duke Ellington's earliest recordings date from 1924 and he died on May 24, 1974. The two men's discographies thus match almost exactly, bar exceptions listed above and in this section.
.jpg)
