John Ehrlichman | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1972 | |
| White House Domestic Affairs Advisor | |
| In office November 4, 1969 – April 30, 1973 | |
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Pat Moynihan (Urban Affairs) |
| Succeeded by | Melvin Laird |
| White House Counsel | |
| In office January 20, 1969 – November 4, 1969 | |
| President | Richard Nixon |
| Preceded by | Larry Temple |
| Succeeded by | Chuck Colson |
| Personal details | |
| Born | John Daniel Ehrlichman (1925-03-20)March 20, 1925 Tacoma, Washington, U.S. |
| Died | February 14, 1999(1999-02-14) (aged 73) Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. |
| Party | Republican |
| Spouses |
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| Education | University of California, Los Angeles (BA) Stanford University (LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  U.S. Army Air Forces |
| Years of service | 1943–1945 |
| Unit | .png) Eighth Air Force |
| Battles/wars | |
| Watergate scandal |
|---|
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| Events |
| People |
Intelligence community |
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John Daniel Ehrlichman (/ˈɜːrlɪkmən/;[1] March 20, 1925 – February 14, 1999) was an American political aide who served asWhite House Counsel andAssistant to the President for Domestic Affairs under PresidentRichard Nixon. Ehrlichman was an important influence on Nixon's domestic policy, coaching him on issues and enlisting his support for environmental initiatives.[2]
Ehrlichman was a key figure in events leading to theWatergate break-in and the ensuingWatergate scandal, for which he was convicted ofconspiracy,obstruction of justice, andperjury, and served a year and a half in prison.
Ehrlichman was born inTacoma, Washington, the son of Lillian Catherine (née Danielson) and Rudolph Irwin Ehrlichman.[3][4][5][6] His family practicedChristian Science (his father was a convert fromJudaism).[7] In 1931, the family moved tosouthern California.[4] He was anEagle Scout, recipient of theDistinguished Eagle Scout Award,[8] graduated fromSanta Monica High School in 1942, and attended theUniversity of California, Los Angeles, for a year prior to his military service.
At age 18 in 1943, he enlisted in theU.S. Army Air Forces.
InWorld War II, Ehrlichman received theDistinguished Flying Cross as a leadB-24navigator in theEighth Air Force.[8] Earlier in the war, his father joined theRoyal Canadian Air Force as an instructor pilot in 1940 and was killed in a crash inTorbay,Newfoundland (laterCanada, from 1949) on May 6, 1942.[4][9]
Taking advantage of theG.I. Bill, Ehrlichman returned to UCLA and graduated in 1948 with a B.A. inpolitical science; he graduated fromStanford Law School in 1951.[4]
After a short time back in southern California, Ehrlichman joined aSeattle law firm, becoming a partner, practicing as aland-use lawyer, noted for his expertise in urban land use and zoning. His uncle was president of the Municipal League, and Ehrlichman was active, supporting its efforts to clean upLake Washington and to improve the civic infrastructure of Seattle andKing County. He remained a practicing lawyer until 1969, when he entered politics full-time. His experience in environmentalism proved a major asset in his White House career.[10]
Ehrlichman worked on Nixon's unsuccessful1960 presidential campaign and his unsuccessful1962 California gubernatorial election campaign. He was an advance man forNixon's 1968 presidential campaign.
Following Nixon's victory, Ehrlichman became White House Counsel (John Dean would succeed him). Ehrlichman was Counsel for about a year before becoming Chief Domestic Advisor for Nixon. It was then that he became a member of Nixon's inner circle. He and close friendH. R. Haldeman, whom he had met at UCLA, were referred to jointly as "The Berlin Wall" by White House staffers because of their German-sounding family names and penchant for isolating Nixon from other advisors and anyone seeking an audience with him. Ehrlichman created "The Plumbers", the group at the center of the Watergate scandal, and appointed his assistantEgil Krogh to oversee its operations, focusing on stopping leaks of confidential information after the release of thePentagon Papers in 1971.
Henry Paulson was Ehrlichman's assistant in 1972 and 1973.[11]
After the start of the Watergate investigations in 1973, Ehrlichman lobbied for an intentional delay in the confirmation ofL. Patrick Gray as Director of theFBI. He argued that the confirmation hearings were deflecting media attention from Watergate and that it would be better for Gray to be left "twisting, slowly, slowly in the wind."[citation needed]
White House CounselJohn Dean cited the "Berlin Wall" of Ehrlichman and Haldeman as one of the reasons for his growing sense of alienation in the White House. This alienation led Dean to believe he was to become the Watergatescapegoat and to his eventual cooperation with Watergate prosecutors. On April 30, 1973, Nixon fired Dean. Ehrlichman and Haldeman resigned.
Ehrlichman was defended by Andrew C. Hall[12] during the Watergate trials, in which he was convicted ofconspiracy,obstruction of justice,perjury, and other charges on January 1, 1975 (along withJohn N. Mitchell and Haldeman). All three men were initially sentenced to between two and a half and eight years in prison. In 1977, the sentences werecommuted to one to four years. Unlike his co-defendants, Ehrlichman voluntarily entered prison before his appeals were exhausted. He was released from theFederal Correctional Institution, Safford, after serving a total of 18 months.[4] Having been convicted of afelony, he was disbarred from the practice of law.[13] Ehrlichman and Haldeman sought and were denied pardons by Nixon, although Nixon later regretted his decision not to grant them.[14] Ehrlichman applied for a pardon from PresidentReagan in 1987.[13]
Following his release from prison, Ehrlichman held a number of jobs, first for a quality control firm, then writer, artist and commentator. Ehrlichman wrote several novels, includingThe Company, which served as the basis for the 1977 television miniseriesWashington: Behind Closed Doors.[15] He served as the executive vice president of anAtlanta hazardous materials firm. In a 1981 interview, Ehrlichman referred to Nixon as a "very pathetic figure in American history."[citation needed] His experiences in theNixon administration were published in his 1982 book,Witness To Power. The book portrays Nixon in a very negative light, and is considered to be the culmination of his frustration at not being pardoned by Nixon before his own 1974 resignation. Shortly before his death, Ehrlichman teamed with best-selling novelistTom Clancy to write, produce, and co-host a three-hour Watergate documentary,John Ehrlichman: In the Eye of the Storm. The completed but never-broadcast documentary, along with associated papers and videotape elements (including an interview Ehrlichman did withBob Woodward as part of the project), is housed at theRichard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies at theUniversity of Georgia inAthens, Georgia.
In 1987,Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream hired Ehrlichman to do a television commercial for a lightice cream sold by the company, as part of a series of commercials featuring what the company called "unbelievable spokespeople for an unbelievable product." After complaints from consumers, the company quickly pulled the ad.[16][17]
Ehrlichman died of complications fromdiabetes inAtlanta in 1999, after discontinuingdialysis treatments.
In 2016, an alleged quote[18] from Ehrlichman was the lede for an anti-drug war article inHarper's Magazine by journalistDan Baum.
“You want to know what this was really all about?” he asked with the bluntness of a man who, after public disgrace and a stretch in federal prison, had little left to protect. “The Nixon campaign in 1968, and the Nixon White House after that, had two enemies: the antiwar left and black people. You understand what I’m saying? We knew we couldn’t make it illegal to be either against the war or black, but by getting the public to associate the hippies with marijuana and blacks with heroin, and then criminalizing both heavily, we could disrupt those communities. We could arrest their leaders, raid their homes, break up their meetings, and vilify them night after night on the evening news. Did we know we were lying about the drugs? Of course we did.”
— Dan Baum, Legalize It All: How to win the war on drugs,Harper's Magazine (April 2016)[19][20]
Baum states that Ehrlichman offered this quote in a 1994 interview for Baum's 1996 book,Smoke and Mirrors: The War on Drugs and the Politics of Failure, but that he did not include it in that book or otherwise publish it for 22 years "because it did not fit the narrative style"[21] of the book.
Multiple family members of Ehrlichman (who died in 1999) challenge the veracity of the quote:
The 1994 alleged 'quote' we saw repeated in social media for the first time today does not square with what we know of our father...We do not subscribe to the alleged racist point of view that this writer now implies 22 years following the so-called interview of John and 16 years following our father's death, when dad can no longer respond.[21]
In an expository piece focused on the quote,[22] German Lopez does not address the family's assertion that the quote was fabricated by Baum, but suggests that Ehrlichman was either wrong or lying:
But Ehrlichman's claim is likely an oversimplification, according to historians who have studied the period and Nixon's drug policies in particular. There's no doubt Nixon was racist, and historians told me that race could have played one role in Nixon's drug war. But there are also signs that Nixon wasn't solely motivated by politics or race: For one, he personally despised drugs – to the point that it's not surprising he would want to rid the world of them. And there's evidence that Ehrlichman felt bitter and betrayed by Nixon after he spent time in prison over the Watergate scandal, so he may have lied.
More importantly, Nixon's drug policies did not focus on the kind of criminalization that Ehrlichman described. Instead, Nixon's drug war was largely a public health crusade – one that would be reshaped into the modern, punitive drug war we know today by later administrations, particularly President Ronald Reagan...
"It's certainly true that Nixon didn't like blacks and didn't like hippies," Courtwright said. "But to assign his entire drug policy to his dislike of these two groups is just ridiculous."[23]
John Ehrlichman was portrayed byJ. T. Walsh in the filmNixon, and byWayne Péré inMark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House.
| Legal offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | White House Counsel 1969 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded byas White House Urban Affairs Advisor | White House Domestic Affairs Advisor 1969–1973 | Succeeded by |
