John Cowper Powys | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | John Cowper Powys (1872-10-08)8 October 1872 Shirley, Derbyshire, England |
| Died | 17 June 1963(1963-06-17) (aged 90) Blaenau Ffestiniog, Wales |
| Occupation | Philosopher, poet, lecturer, novelist, literary critic |
| Alma mater | Corpus Christi College, Cambridge University |
| Period | 1915–1963 |
| Genre | Novel, poetry, philosophy |
| Notable works | Wolf Solent (1929) A Glastonbury Romance (1932) Autobiography (1934) Owen Glendower (1941) Porius (1951) |
| Spouses | Margaret Lyon Phyllis Playter |
John Cowper Powys (/ˈkuːpərˈpoʊɪs/KOO-pərPOH-iss; 8 October 1872 – 17 June 1963) was an English novelist, philosopher, lecturer, critic and poet born inShirley, Derbyshire, where his father was vicar of the parish church in 1871–1879.[1] Powys appeared with a volume of verse in 1896 and a first novel in 1915, but gained success only with his novelWolf Solent in 1929. He has been seen as a successor toThomas Hardy, andWolf Solent,A Glastonbury Romance (1932),Weymouth Sands (1934), andMaiden Castle (1936) have been called hisWessex novels. As with Hardy,landscape is important to his works. So iselemental philosophy in his characters' lives.[2] In 1934 he published anautobiography. His itinerant lectures were a success in England and in 1905–1930 in the United States, where he wrote many of his novels and had several first published. He moved toDorset, England, in 1934 with a US partner, Phyllis Playter. In 1935 they moved toCorwen,Merionethshire, Wales, where he set two novels, and in 1955 toBlaenau Ffestiniog, where he died in 1963.
Powys was born inShirley, Derbyshire, in 1872, the son of the Reverend Charles Francis Powys (1843–1923), and Mary Cowper Johnson, granddaughter ofDr John Johnson, the cousin and close friend of the poetWilliam Cowper.[3] He came from a family of eleven children, many of whom were also talented. The family lived in Shirley between 1871 and 1879, briefly inDorchester, Dorset and then they moved toMontacute, Somerset, where Charles Powys was vicar for thirty-two years.[4]
John Cowper Powys's two younger brothersLlewelyn Powys (1884–1939) andTheodore Francis Powys were well-known writers, while his sisterPhilippa Powys published a novel and some poetry, andGertrude Mary Powys was an artist.[5] Another sister Marian Powys was an authority on lace and lace-making and published a book on this subject.[6] His brotherA. R. Powys was Secretary of theSociety for the Protection of Ancient Buildings, and published a number of books on architectural subjects.[7] Powys was educated atSherborne School and graduated fromCorpus Christi College, Cambridge, June 1894.[8]
On 6 April 1896 he married Margaret Lyon. They had a son, Littleton Alfred, in 1902.[9] Powys's first employment was teaching in girls' schools inBrighton, and thenEastbourne.[10] His first published works were two highly derivative collections of poetry published in the 1890s. He worked from 1898 as an Extension lecturer throughout England, for bothOxford andCambridge Universities.[11]
Then from 1905 to the early 1930s, he lectured in the United States for the American Society for the Extension of University Teaching, gaining a reputation as a charismatic speaker.[12] He spent his summers in England. During this time he travelled the length and breadth of the US, as well as into Canada.[13] Powys's marriage was unsatisfactory, and Powys eventually lived a large part of each year in the USA, and had relationships with various women.[14] An important woman in his life was the American poet Frances Gregg, whom he first met inPhiladelphia in 1912.[15] He was also a friend of the famous dancerIsadora Duncan.[16] Another friend and an important supporter in America was the novelistTheodore Dreiser.[17] In 1921 he met Phyllis Playter, the twenty-six-year-old daughter of industrialist and business man Franklin Playter.[18] Eventually they established a permanent relationship, though he was unable to divorce his wife Margaret, who was a Catholic. However, he diligently supported Margaret and the education of their son.[19]
In the US he engaged in a public debate with the philosopherBertrand Russell on marriage, and he also debated with the philosopher and historianWill Durant.[20] Powys was also a witness in the obscenity trial ofJames Joyce's novelUlysses,[21] and was mentioned with approval in the autobiography of US feminist and anarchist,Emma Goldman. Powys would later share Goldman's support for theSpanish Revolution.[22]
His first novelWood and Stone, which Powys dedicated toThomas Hardy, was published in 1915. This was followed by two collections of literary essaysVisions and Revisions (1915) andSuspended Judgment (1916). InConfessions of Two Brothers (1916), a work that also contains a section by his brother Llewelyn, Powys writes about his personal philosophy, something he elaborated on inThe Complex Vision (1920), his first full length work of popular philosophy. He also published three collections of poetry between 1916 and 1922.
Politically, Powys described himself as an anarchist and was bothanti-fascist andanti-Stalinist: "Powys already regarded fascism and Stalinism as appalling, but different, totalitarian regimes".[23][24]
It was not until 1929, with the novelWolf Solent, that Powys achieved any critical or financial success.[25] In 1930 Powys and Phyllis moved fromGreenwich Village in New York City toHillsdale in ruralupstate New York.[26] One of Powys's most admired novels,A Glastonbury Romance, published in 1932, sold well, though he made little if any money from it because of a libel lawsuit.[27] Another important work,Autobiography, was published in 1934.
Then in June 1934 Powys and Phyllis left America and moved to England, living first inDorchester, the setting for the finalWessex novel,Maiden Castle, before eventually moving in July 1935 toCorwen,DenbighshireNorth Wales, with the help of the novelistJames Hanley, who lived nearby.[28]Corwen was historically part of Edeirnion orEdeyrnion and an ancientcommote ofmedieval Wales, once a part of theKingdom of Powys.[29] There Powys immersed himself in Welsh literature, mythology and culture, including learning to read Welsh.[30] The move inspired two major historical novels with Welsh settings,Owen Glendower (1941) andPorius (1951).
Margaret Powys died in 1947, and his son Littleton Alfred in 1954.[31]
In May 1955 they moved, for the last time, toBlaenau Ffestiniog in North Wales. John Cowper Powys died in 1963 and Phyllis Playter in 1982.[32]
Powys's first published works were poetry:Odes and Other Poems (1896),Poems (1899), collections which have "echoes […] ofTennyson,Arnold,Swinburne, among contemporaries, and ofMilton andWordsworth andKeats". These were published with the assistance of his cousin Ralph Shirley, who was a director of WilliamRider and Son the publisher of them.[33] In the summer of 1905 Powys composed "The Death of God" an epic poem "modelled on the blank verse of Milton, Keats, and Tennyson" that was published asLucifer in 1956.[34] There were three further volumes of poetry:Wolf's Bane (1916),Mandragora (1917) andSamphire (1922). The first two collections were published by Powys's manager G. Arnold Shaw. An unfinished, short narrative poem "The Ridge" was published in January 1963, shortly before Powys's death that June.[35] In 1964 Kenneth Hopkins publishedJohn Cowper Powys: A Selection from his Poems and in 1979 the Welsh poet and criticRoland Mathias thought this side of Powys worthy of critical study and publishedThe Hollowed-Out Elder Stalk: John Cowper Powys as Poet.[36] Belinda Humfrey, suggests that "[p]erhaps Powys's best poems are those given to Jason Otter inWolf Solent and Taliessin inPorius."[37]
The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse (1973) edited by English poetPhilip Larkin contains "In A Hotel Writing-Room" by Powys.
While he was a famous lecturer and published a variety of both fiction and non-fiction regularly from 1915, it was not until he was in his early fifties, with the publication ofWolf Solent in 1929, that he achieved critical and financial success as a novelist.[38] This novel was reprinted several times in both the United States and Britain and translated into German in 1930 and French in 1931.[39] In the Preface he wrote for the 1961 Macdonald edition of the novel Powys states: "Wolf Solent is a book of Nostalgia, written in a foreign country with the pen of a traveller and the ink-blood of his home".[40]Wolf Solent is set in Ramsgard, based onSherborne, Dorset, where Powys attended school from May 1883, as well as Blacksod, modelled onYeovil, Somerset, andDorchester andWeymouth, both in Dorset, all places full of memories for him.[41] In the same yearThe Meaning of Culture was published and it, too, was frequently reprinted.In Defence of Sensuality, published at the end of the following year, was yet another best seller.[42] First published in 1933,A Philosophy of Solitude was another best seller for Powys in the USA.[42]
BeforeWolf Solent there had been four earlier apprentice novels:Wood and Stone (1915),Rodmoor (1916), the posthumousAfter my Fashion (1980), which was written around 1920, andDucdame (1925).[43]Wolf Solent was the first of the so-called Wessex novels, which includeA Glastonbury Romance (1932),Weymouth Sands (1934) andMaiden Castle (1936).[44] Powys was an admirer of Thomas Hardy, and these novels are set in Somerset and Dorset, parts of Hardy's mythical Wessex.[45] The American scholar Richard Maxwell described these four novels "as remarkably successful with the reading public of his time".[46]Maiden Castle, the last of the Wessex novels, is set inDorchester, Thomas Hardy'sCasterbridge. Powys intended it to be a rival of Hardy'sThe Mayor of Casterbridge.[47]
All the same, despite his indebtedness to the Victorian novel and his enthusiasm for Hardy,Walter Scott and such lesser figures asAinsworth, Powys was clearly amodernist.[48] He has affinities also withFyodor Dostoevsky,Friedrich Nietzsche,Walter Pater,Marcel Proust,Carl Jung,Sigmund Freud,D. H. Lawrence,James Joyce andDorothy Richardson.[49]
It is clear from Powys's diaries that his new-found success was much helped by the stability that his relationship with Phyllis Playter gave him and her frequent advice on his work in progress.[50] So much so that with regard toWeymouth Sands Powys believed "she ought to have her name on this book’".[51]
A Glastonbury Romance sold particularly well in its British edition, though this was of little avail as it was the subject of an expensive libel case brought byGerard Hodgkinson, the owner of theWookey Hole Caves, who felt himself identifiably and unfairly portrayed in the character of Philip Crow.[52] According to Powys, this novel's "heroine is theGrail",[53] and its central concern is with the various myths, legends and history associated with Glastonbury. Not only isA Glastonbury Romance concerned with the legend thatJoseph of Arimathea brought the Grail, a vessel containing the blood of Christ, to the town, but the further tradition thatKing Arthur was buried there.[54] Furthermore one of the novel's main characters, the Welshman Owen Evans, introduces the idea that the Grail has a Welsh (Celtic), pagan, pre-Christian origin.[55] The main sources for Powys's ideas on mythology and the Grail legend areSir John Rhys'sStudies in the Arthurian Legend,R. S. Loomis'sCeltic Myth and Arthurian Romance, and the works ofJessie Weston, includingFrom Ritual to Romance.[56]T. S. Eliot'sThe Waste Land is another possible influence.[57] A central aspect ofA Glastonbury Romance is the attempt by John Geard, an ex-minister now the Mayor of Glastonbury, to restore Glastonbury to its medieval glory as a place of religious pilgrimage.[58] On the other hand, the Glastonbury industrialist Philip Crow, along with John and Mary Crow and Tom Barter, who are, like him, from Norfolk, view the myths and legends of the town with contempt.[59] Philip's vision is of a future with more mines and more factories. John Crow, however, as he is penniless, takes on the task of organising a pageant for Geard. At the same time an alliance ofAnarchists,Marxists, andJacobins try to turn Glastonbury into a commune.
WhileWelsh mythology was already important inA Glastonbury Romance andMaiden Castle it became still more so after he and Phyllis Playter moved toCorwen, Wales, in 1935, first in the minor novelMorwyn or The Vengeance of God (1937).[60] Another important element inMorwyn, is condemnation of animal cruelty, especiallyvivisection, a theme also found inWeymouth Sands (1934).[61] As a result, some writers have seen Powys as a forebear of the modernanimal rights movement.[62][63] In 1944, Powys wrote an anti-vivisection article for Leo Rodenhurst'sThe Abolitionist, a paper published by theBritish Union for the Abolition of Vivisection.[64] Powys was also associated with theNational Anti-Vivisection Society, where he met Evalyn Westacott, author ofA Century of Vivisection and Anti-Vivisection (1949), who cited Powys arguments against vivisection, which Powys came to see as the worst of all crimes.[64] He was avegetarian.[65]
There then followed two major historical novels set in Wales,Owen Glendower (1941)[66] andPorius (1951). The first deals with the rebellion of the Welsh PrinceOwain Glyndŵr (1400–1416 CE), whilePorius takes place in the time of the mythic King Arthur (499 CE). However, Arthur is a minor character compared with the Welsh Prince Porius and the King's magicianMyrddin (Merlin). In both works, but especiallyPorius, Powys makes use of the mythology found in the Welsh classicThe Mabinogion.[67]Porius is, for some, the crowning achievement of Powys's maturity, but others are repelled by its obscurity. It was originally cut severely for publication, but in recent years two attempts have been made to recreate Powys's original intent.[68]
It is not surprising that John Cowper Powys, after he moved to Corwen, decided to begin a novel about Owain Glyndŵr, as it was in Corwen that Glyndŵr's rebellion againstHenry IV began on 16 September 1400,[69] when he formally assumed the ancestral title of Prince of Powys at his manor house ofGlyndyfrdwy, then in the parish of Corwen. In September 1935, Phyllis Playter had suggested he should write a historical novel about Owain Glyndŵr.[70] An important aspect ofOwen Glendower are historical parallels between the beginning of the 15th century and the late 1930s and early 1940s: "A sense of contemporataneousness is ever present inOwen Glendower. We are in a world of change like our own".[71] The novel was conceived at a time when the "Spanish Civil War[note 1] was a major topic of public debate" and completed on 24 December 1939, a few months afterWorld War II had begun.[72]
Porius is set mainly in Corwen. The events take place in the week of "October 18, to October 25, A.D. 499", during a historical period when, Powys claims, "There appears to be an absolute blank, as far as documentary evidence goes, with regard to the history of Britain".[73] This was in fact a time of major transition in the history of Britain, with the replacing of Roman traditions withSaxon rule and the conversion of the British to Christianity.[74] There are again, as withOwen Glendower, parallels with contemporary history: "The Dark Ages and the 1930s are the periods of what Powys, inYeatsian phrase calls 'appalling transition'."[75] and there was a clear possibility ofanother "Saxon" invasion, when Powys began writing Porius in 1942.[76] In prefatory comments probably written about 1949, as theCold War began, Powys suggests:
As we contemplate the historic background to [...] the last year of the fifth century [sic], it is impossible not to think of the background of human life from which we watch the first half of the twentieth century dissolve into the second half. As the old gods were departing then, so the old gods are departing now. And as the future was dark with the terrifying possibilities of human disaster then, so, today, are we confronted by the possibility of catastrophic world events.[77]
Powys also saw Glyndŵr's rebellion taking place at the time of "one of the most momentous and startling epochs oftransition that the world has known".[78]
Just as the landscape ofDorset andSomerset and the characters' deep personal relationships with it had been of importance in the greatWessex novels, so the landscape of Wales was now significant, especially that of the Corwen region.
The landscape and the intimate relations that characters have with the elements, including the sky, wind, plants, animals, and insects, have great significance in all Powys's works.[79] These are linked to another major influence:Romanticism, especiallyWilliam Wordsworth[80] and writers influenced by Wordsworth such asWalter Pater.[81] Powys also admiredGoethe andRousseau.[82] Words such asmysticism[83] andpantheism[84] are sometimes used in discussing Powys's attitude to nature, but what he is concerned with is an ecstatic response to the natural world, epiphanies such as Wordsworth describes in his "Ode: Intimations of Immortality",[85] with an important difference that Powys believes that the ecstasy of the young child can be retained by an adult who actively cultivates the power of the imagination.[86] Some have compared this toZen and such contemplative practices,[87] and for Powys, and the protagonists of his novels who usually resemble him, the cultivation of a psycho-sensuous philosophy is as important as the Christian religion was for an earlier generation.[88]
More minor in scale, the novels that followedPorius are marked by elements of fantasy.The Inmates (1952) is set in a madhouse and explores Powys's interest in mental illness, but it is a work on which Powys failed to bestow sufficient "time and care".[89] Glen Cavaliero, inJohn Cowper Powys: Novelist, describes the novels written afterPorius as "the spontaneous fairy tales of aRabelaisiansurrealist enchanted with life", and findsAtlantis (1954) "the richest and most sustained" of them.[90]Atlantis is set in theHomeric world. The protagonist is Nisos, the young son ofOdysseus, who plans to voyage west fromIthaca over the drownedAtlantis.[91] Powys final fiction, such asUp and Out (1957) andAll or Nothing (1960) "use the mode of science fiction, although science has no part in them".[92]
One of Powys's most important works, hisAutobiography (1934), describes his first 60 years. While he sets out to be totally frank about himself, and especially his sexual peculiarities and perversions, he largely excludes any substantial discussion of the women in his life.[93] The reason for this is now much clearer because we now know that it was written while he was still married to Margaret, though he was living in a permanent relationship with Phyllis Playter.
It is one of his most important works and writerJ. B. Priestley suggests that, even if Powys had not written a single novel, "this one book alone would have proved him to be a writer of genius."[94] And it "has justly been compared to theConfessions of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.[95]
John Cowper Powys was a prolific writer of letters, many of which have been published, and kept a diary from 1929; several diaries, including this one, have been published.[96] Among his correspondents were the novelistsTheodore Dreiser,James Purdy,James Hanley,Henry Miller andDorothy Richardson, but he also replied to the many ordinary admirers who wrote to him.[97]
Periodically, over almost 50 years, starting withConfessions of Two Brothers in 1916, Powys wrote works that present his personal philosophy of life. These are not works of philosophy in the academic sense; in a bookstore the appropriate section might beself-help. Powys describesA Philosophy of Solitude (1933) as a "short textbook of the various mental tricks by which the human soul can obtain […] comparative happiness beneath the normal burden of human fate".[98] Powys's various works of popular philosophy may seem mere potboilers, written to help his finances as he worked on his novels, but critics like Denis Lane, Harald Fawkner and Janina Nordius see in them insight into "the intellectual structures that form the metastructures of the great novels".[99] These works were frequently bestsellers, especially in the United States.The Meaning of Culture (1929) went through 20 editions in Powys's lifetime.[100]In Defence of Sensuality, published at the end of the following year, was yet another bestseller,[42] as wasA Philosophy of Solitude (1933).[42]
Taking advantage of his reputation as an itinerant lecturer, Powys published in 1915 a collection of literary essays,Visions and Revisions. This was published by the manager of his lecture tours, Arnold Shaw, as were the subsequentSuspended Judgements: Essays on Books and Sensations (1916) andOne Hundred Best Books (1916).Visions and Revisions went through four impressions in 16 months.[101] In the next 30 years he published essay collection,The Enjoyment of Literature (1938) (The Pleasures of Literature in the UK), three studies of writers,Dorothy Richardson (1931),Dostoievsky (1947), andRabelais (1948), and journal essays on various writers such asTheodore Dreiser,Marcel Proust,James Joyce, andD. H. Lawrence.[102] There is also a work onJohn Keats, part of which was published posthumously, and a study ofAristophanes that Powys was working on in his later years.[103]
Powys's literary criticism was generally well received by reviewers. Morine Krissdottir in her recent biography describes the essays inSuspended Judgements as "fine criticism".[104] As forThe Pleasures of Literature, the writer Kenneth Hopkins states that "[i]f ever there was a book of criticism for the general reader, this is it."[105] In the 1940s Powys wrote books on two of his favourite authors:Dostoievsky (1946) andRabelais (1948). The latter was particularly praised by some reviewers. The Rabelais scholar Donald M. Frame, for example, in theRomantic Review, December 1951, describes Powys's translation (only of one fourth of Rabelais) "the best we have in English".[106] A French translation ofRabelais, by Catherine Lieutenant, was published in 1990.[107]
Powys is a controversial writer, "who evokes both massive contempt and near idolatry."[108] WhileWalter Allen inTradition and Dream recognises Powys's genius, he is dissatisfied with what Powys has done with it, seeing his approach to the novel as "so alien to the temper of the age as to be impossible for many people to take seriously".[109] YetAnnie Dillard sees Powys as "a powerful genius, whose novels stir us deeply."[110] Notable throughout his career is the admiration of novelists as diverse asTheodore Dreiser,Henry Miller,Iris Murdoch,Margaret Drabble,[111]James Purdy, and the academic criticsGeorge Painter,G. Wilson Knight,George Steiner,[112] Harald Fawkner andJerome McGann. The film directorJohn Boorman wrote in his autobiography of contemplating a movie adaptation ofA Glastonbury Romance early in his career.[113]
In 1958, "Powys was presented with the Bronze Plaque ofthe Hamburg Free Academy of Arts in recognition of his outstanding services to literature and philosophy".[114] Then on 23 July 1962, aged 90, he gained an honorary degree ofDoctor of Lettersin absentia from theUniversity of Wales atSwansea, as "patriarch of the literature of these islands".[115] He was nominated for theNobel Prize in Literature byEnid Starkie in 1958 and byG. Wilson Knight in 1959 and 1962.[116]
Powys's works have been translated into French,[117] German,[118] Swedish,[119] Japanese,[120] and other languages.
Numerous books, etc. by, or about Powys, can be read online at"John Cowper Powys" Internet Archive
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