Jennie June | |
|---|---|
 Jennie June posing as "A Modern Living Replica of the Ancient Greek Statue of Hermaphroditos." 1918. | |
| Born | 1870s |
| Pen name | Earl Lind, Ralph Werther |
| Occupation |
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| Notable works | The Autobiography of an Androgyne The Female-Impersonators The Riddle of the Underworld |
Jennie June (fl. 1895–1922) was a pseudonym of an Americanwriter from theVictorian andEdwardian era known for advocating for the rights of people who did not conform to gender and sexual norms.
June was one of the earliesttransgender individuals to publish an autobiography in theUnited States.[1][2] Although June expressed a lifelong desire to be a woman, June consistently usedhe/him pronouns in reference to himself in his own writing. June wrote of feeling like a combination of male and female, and of his practice of alternating between these two gender expressions.[3]
He published his first autobiography,The Autobiography of an Androgyne, in 1918, and his second,The Female-Impersonators, in 1922. June also authored an unpublished third autobiography in 1921, which historians discovered in 2010. June's stated goal in writing these books was to help create what he would have wanted for himself: an accepting environment for young adults who do not conform to gender or sexual norms. He also wanted to prevent youth from committingsuicide.[4] Around 1895, June also created anorganization for the rights ofandrogynes, together with others like himself; most if not all members were noted by June as being ultra-androgynes.
June also wrote under the pseudonyms ofEarl Lind andRalph Werther, which are sometimes incorrectly mistaken for birth names. June's birth name and legal name have been considered lost to history and are not certain.Queer history researcher Channing Gerard Joseph claims that June was most likely the writer and journalistIsrael Mowry Saben (1870–1950), an early advocate for gender and sexual diversity.[5]
Jennie June wrote that he was born into aPuritan family[1] in 1874 inConnecticut.[6] He wasassigned male at birth. At the time of his birth, his mother was 28 (born circa 1846), and his father 32 (born circa 1842). June was their fourth child out of eleven children.[6] His family was middle-class and wealthy.
June became very shy and introverted when his parents sent him off to a boys' school.[7] The other students had been sent to boarding school because of being especially boisterous and needing strict discipline.
June graduated with honors from a university in uptown New York that may have beenColumbia University.[8]
Then, June went on to graduate study, where his physician notified the university president that June was asexual invert. As a result, June "was expelled from the university for being an androgyne," which caused him to suffer neurasthenia (depression), and he came close to suicide.[6][8] Because of June's ordeal with being expelled for his difference, he wrote this plea in his third book, in capitals:
"I BEG ALL ADULTS, PARTICULARLY SCHOOL OFFICIALS, TO BE EXTRAORDINARILY CHARITABLE AND SYMPATHETIC WITH GIRL-BOYS AND OTHERS SEXUALLY ABNORMAL BY BIRTH WHO MAY SEEM TO HAVE LOST THEIR SENSES. GUARD AGAINST DOING ANYTHING THAT WOULD LEAD THE DISGRACED TO COMMIT SUICIDE, WHICH EVENT IS FAIRLY COMMON AMONG THESE 'STEPCHILDREN OF NATURE.'"[6]
In his professional life, June presented as a man. He had a reputation for being an innocent who was startled and uncomfortable when men around him made sexual talk. As a result, most people did not suspect another aspect to his life. He was known for being very studious and hard-working.[6][9]
June was a law clerk for Clark Bell, who was the editor ofThe Medico-Legal Journal and its publishing company. The same company published June's autobiographies. June likely used this personal contact with Bell in order to get the books into print.[10]
During the Victorian and Edwardian eras, people did not yet use words liketransgender,transsexual,gay, ornon-binary gender. June described himself with all of these contemporary words for his gender and sexual variance:
Many of these names reflect the contemporary way of thought, which made no distinction betweengender identity andsexual orientation. The popular idea during that era was that a man attracted to men must be somehow partly a woman, in brain or even body. Some contemporaries recognized this was not true for everyone, arguing that men who liked men could be just as manly.[16] However, for June, it was a suitable description of how he felt.
As young as the ages three to seven, June expected that he would only ever wear skirts after growing up, and asked playmates to call him Jennie.[6] In that era, all very young children wore dresses. When older, boys would be "breeched," that is, switched to wearing masculine attire, with trousers.[17] When June's parents breeched him at seven, he was so heartbroken that he wished he were dead. He occasionally borrowed a sister's clothing. He often prayed to be turned into a girl, and sometimes almost believed that his prayers were being answered. He began to have some breast growth in his middle teens, possiblygynecomastia, which is not rare in people who were assigned male at birth. He was disappointed that his genitals remained the same. At fourteen, he began to instead pray for one to two hours a day to no longer desire to be a girl, and to no longer desire males.[6]
At eighteen, June became so depressed about being an invert that he sought medical help to make him feel like a "normal male." The two New York medical professors he went to first, venereologist Dr. Prince A. Morrow[6][18] (1846-1913) and then alienist Dr. Robert S. Newton[6][18][19] both saw inversion as a defect, and attempted for months to cure him of it by every known method. (Alienist was an early Victorian word for apsychiatrist.) June's treatments included drugs,hypnosis, andaphrodisiacs in the hope of making June attracted to women, andelectrical stimulation of the brain and spinal cord (electroconvulsive therapy).[20] These treatments had no effect: June remained an invert, depressed, and also a nervous wreck from the drugs.[6]
June's third doctor was an alienist who understood inversion better. (The transcription of the manuscript ofThe Riddle of the Underworld also calls him Dr. Robert S. Newton, giving this name to two different doctors, which is a transcription error.) The alienist taught June that being an androgyne was natural for him, and not a "depravity." This finally cured June's lifelong depression, because instead of trying to purge himself of his inversion out of the fear that it was a sin, he instead concluded that God had predestined him to be an invert.[6]
According to one autobiography, June had engaged in "intimate relations" with 800 young men, half of whom werevolunteer soldiers or sailors.[21]
At the age of 28, June fulfilled his lifelong desire to have anorchiectomy, removal of the testicles. June expected this would make him healthier and decrease his extreme and "disturbing" desires for sex, and eliminate some masculine features he disliked, such as facial hair.[4] During that era, there was the incorrect but widespread medical belief thatnocturnal emissions would damage a person's health and intelligence, and June was fearful of that possibility.[6] Castration was one of the commonly recommended treatments thought to cure males of inversion.[20]
As a young adult, June found safe havens in places such as the gay barParesis Hall in New York City to express his feminine identity. Paresis Hall, or Columbia Hall, was one of many establishments considered the center of homosexual nightlife where male prostitutes would do as female prostitutes did, soliciting men under an effeminate persona. Places like Paresis Hall provided a place where people like June could gather and feel more free to express themselves and socialize with similar people in a time when cross dressing was socially unacceptable and illegal.[22]
June was one of the members of theCercle Hermaphroditos in 1895, led by pseudonymousRoland Reeves, along with other androgynes who frequented Paresis Hall.[23] The purpose of the organization was "to unite for defense against the world's bitter persecution," and to show that being an invert was natural.[24] The Cercle is noted by transgender historianSusan Stryker as "the first known informal organization in the United States to concern itself with what we might now call transgender social justice issues".[25][26][27] Little evidence of the Cercle's existence is known to survive today, outside of June's autobiography. If it issued any pamphlets, none are yet known to historians. For this reason, some historians have raised questions about whether the Cercle existed at all.[28]
June published his first autobiography,The Autobiography of an Androgyne, in 1918, and his second,The Female-Impersonators, in 1922. Therefore June is one of the first transgender, orgender nonconforming, Americans to publicize their own story. In June's preface to the book, June explains that he has kept diaries of his life and that his autobiography has been taken from those.
June organized the book into episode-like sections, wherein he discusses incidents in his life as well as his opinions on certain social matters.[29] June's stated goal in writing the book was to rally the support of Americans to create an accepting environment for young adults who do not adhere to gender and sexual norms, because that was what June would have wanted for himself, and he wanted to prevent them from committing suicide.[4] June discusses his desires, which he struggled with because they were so different to what was considered normal.
The memoir describes in detail many personal narratives as well as June's sexual encounters and desires, including the story of his castration, but also contains pleas for understanding and acceptance of "fairies".The Autobiography of an Androgyne also describes how June felt that he lived a double life in the sense that he was an educated, middle-class white male scholar, but also had intense yearnings for performing masochistic sexual acts that distressed him.
June's second book, released under the alias, Earl Lind—Earl standing for girl—was released in 1921 and numbered then 1,000 copies intended to be sent to various individuals in the medical communities. It focused on subjects such as hate-crimes—murder, blackmail, general violence & sexual abuse—as well as June's early years, & the lives of two other Ultra-Androgynes, among other topics.
A quote from the book reads: "Unless otherwise indicated I shall use the terms "androgyne" and "pseudo-man" only in reference to the ultra-androgynous. All my androgyne associates whom I shall portray in this book belong to this class, because with a few exceptions they alone are Female-Impersonators. In myRiddle of the Underworld I describe some mild androgynes."[30]
In 2010, Dr. Randall Sell, a professor at Drexel University, became intrigued by the first two volumes of the trilogy. After searching for around twenty years for the long-lost third volume, he finally discovered the partial manuscript in the archives of theNational Library of Medicine.[31]
CalledThe Riddle of the Underworld, written in 1921, this third volume was to focus on the communities of inverts all over the world. It includes an encounter in which June was beaten by men whom he had tried to pick up. June once again defends gender and sexual nonconformists, insisting that they were simply born of a different nature, but natural nonetheless.[32]
As mentioned in his/her second book, one chapter of Riddle was dedicated to the Gynander, those with "physically female bodies" who leaned into masculinity by varying degrees, but this one was not found within the Robinson manuscript.[30]
Riddle was slated to release in parts within theMedical Life journal by or after March 1922, but this never came to be despite the contract and conditions for publication enclosed within the discovered manuscript.[33] A planned trilogy collection of all books was intended to release in fall 1922, but this never happened. Early 1922 appears to be the last time J-W was active within the Underworld.[30]
Currently, historians do not certainly know the date of June's life and death. Channing Gerard Joseph theorizes that June was likelyMowry Saben (1870–1950), the writer and journalist. Saben was born inUxbridge, Massachusetts, into a prominent family, and had a younger sister, Jennie May.[5] He graduated fromHarvard University,Oxford University, andHeidelberg University.[34] He died in San Francisco in 1950.[5]
June left instructions for the creation of a memorial plaque. June wanted the plaque to be placed on the Grand Street facade of a new police building, near the site of his debut, where he had first taken the name Jennie June. A police building could be considered an intriguing choice, because police harassed and terrorized June and his friends, giving him frequent nightmares.[10]
Jennie June published these photographs of himself in his books. Along with June's use of pseudonyms, these photos mostly obscure June's face, as a further protection of anonymity, even while exposing June's body, because there were laws in New York against cross-dressing. Some of these photographs treat their subjects as medical specimens, because a popular Victorian pseudoscience calledphysiognomy believed that the personality could be seen in the shape of the body, supporting June's argument that it is in his nature to be an invert.[9] The statue that June imitates in one of these photos is theSleeping Hermaphroditus, a lost bronze original by the ancient GreekPolycles (workingca 155 BC).[35] TheBorghese Hermaphroditus is usually considered the main ancient Roman copy of that lost original, and has been inthe Louvre since before 1863. The one inUffizi that June mentions is another ancient Roman copy.
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Works by or aboutJennie June atWikisource| International | |
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