James L. Kemper
Kemper (c. 1861–1865)
37th Governor of Virginia
In office January 1, 1874 – January 1, 1878
Lieutenant	Robert E. Withers Henry Wirtz Thomas
Preceded by	Gilbert Carlton Walker
Succeeded by	Frederick W. M. Holliday
27th Speaker of the Virginia House of Delegates
In office December 2, 1861 – September 7, 1863
Preceded by	Oscar M. Crutchfield
Succeeded by	Hugh W. Sheffey
Member of theVirginia House of Delegates fromMadison County
In office December 5, 1853 – September 7, 1863
Preceded by	Morris D. Newman
Succeeded by	William O. Fry
Personal details
Born	James Lawson Kemper (1823-06-11)June 11, 1823 Madison County, Virginia
Died	April 7, 1895(1895-04-07) (aged 71) Walnut Hills,Orange County, Virginia
Party	Democratic(Before 1867, 1873–1895) Conservative Party of Virginia(1867–1873)
Spouse	Cremora "Belle" Conway Cave (m.1855, d.1870)
Children	7
Relatives	Frederick T. Kemper (brother)
Alma mater	Washington College
Profession	Lawyer, Soldier, Politician
Signature
Military service
Allegiance	United States Virginia Confederate States
Branch/service	United States Army  Confederate States Army
Years of service	1846–1848 (USA) 1861–1865 (CSA)
Rank	Captain(USV) Major General (CSA)
Unit	Regiment of Virginia Volunteers (USA)
Commands	7th Virginia Infantry Kemper's Brigade Kemper's Division Virginia Reserve Forces
Battles/wars	Mexican–American War American Civil War First Battle of Bull Run Battle of Seven Pines Second Battle of Bull Run Battle of Antietam Battle of Gettysburg (WIA) Battle of Cold Harbor

James Lawson Kemper (June 11, 1823 – April 7, 1895) was an American lawyer, aConfederate general in theAmerican Civil War, and the37th Governor of Virginia. He was the youngest brigade commander and only non-professionalgeneral officer in the division that ledPickett's Charge, during which he was severely wounded.

Kemper was born atMountain Prospectplantation inMadison County, Virginia, the son of William and Maria Elizabeth (Allison) Kemper.^[1] His father's family had emigrated from near what becameSiegen, Germany, in the early 18th century. His great-grandfather had been among the miners recruited for Governor Alexander Spotswood's colony atGermanna, Virginia,^[2] and hismerchant father had moved to the new town of Madison Court House in the 1790s after his father had died falling from a horse in 1783, leaving his widow to take care of five daughters and a son. By the time young James was born, his paternal grandmother and four aunts also lived at the plantation William Kemper had bought for $5,541.40 in 1800.

His maternal great-grandfather, Col. John Jasper Stadler, had served onGeorge Washington's staff as a civil engineer and planned fortifications in Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina during theAmerican Revolutionary War, and his grandfather John Stadler Allison served as an officer in theWar of 1812 but died when his daughter Maria was very young.^[3] Although several of his paternal ancestors were involved in the German Reformed Church, William Kemper was an elder in the local Presbyterian church. His mother was devout but also hosted dances and parties that lasted several days. His brother,Frederick T. Kemper, later foundedKemper Military School.

James Kemper had virtually no military training as a boy. Still, his father and a neighboring planter, Henry Hill of Culpeper, founded Old Field School on the plantation to educate local children, includingA.P. Hill, who became a lifelong friend. From 1830 to 1840, Kemper boarded during winters at Locust Dale Academy, which had a military corps of cadets.^[4] Kemper later attended Washington College (nowWashington and Lee University) and also took civil engineering classes at nearbyVirginia Military Institute. At Washington College's graduation ceremony in 1842, 19-year-old Kemper gave the commencement address, taking for a topic "The Need of a Public School System in Virginia." Kemper then returned home, where he joined aTee-Total (Temperance) Society as well asstudied law underGeorge W. Summers ofKanawha County (a former U.S. Representative), after which Washington College awarded him aMaster's degree in June 1845. He was admitted to the Virginia bar on October 2, 1846.^[5]

After Congress had declared war on Mexico in 1846, PresidentJames K. Polk called for nine regiments of volunteers. Kemper and his friendBirkett D. Fry of Kanawha County traveled to the national capital on December 15, 1846, hoping to secure commissions in the First Regiment of Virginia Volunteers. After traveling toRichmond and returning to Washington for more networking, Kemper learned he had been appointed the unit's quartermaster and captain. During theMexican–American War, Kemper received favorable reviews and met many future military leaders, but his unit arrived just after theBattle of Buena Vista and mainly maintained a defensive perimeter inCoahuila province.^[6]

Honorably discharged from the U.S. Army on August 3, 1848, Kemper returned topractice law in Madison County and neighboringOrange andCulpeper Counties. He represented many fellow veterans making land claims, as well as speculated in real estate and helped form the Blue Ridge Turnpike Company (betweenGordonsville and theShenandoah Valley.^[7]

Interested in politics, Kemper first campaigned for office in 1850 but lost the contest to become clerk of the Commonwealth's constitutional convention. Promoting himself asproslavery, anti-abolitionist, and pro-states' rights, Kemper defeated Marcus Newman and was elected to represent Madison County in theVirginia House of Delegates in 1853 (the year his father died at age 76).^[7] A strong advocate of state military preparedness, as well as an ally ofHenry A. Wise, Kemper rose to become chairman of the Military Affairs Committee. By 1858, he was serving as abrigadier general in theVirginia militia.

In late 1861, Kemper becameSpeaker, a position he held until September 1863. Much of his term as Speaker coincided with his service in theConfederate States Army.

After the start of the Civil War, Kemper served as a brigadier general in theProvisional Army of Virginia and then a colonel in theConfederate States Army, becoming head of the7th Virginia Infantry. AtFirst Bull Run, Kemper led the regiment as part ofJubal Early's brigade. His regiment was later assigned toBrigadier GeneralA.P. Hill's brigade inMajor GeneralJames Longstreet's division of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. On May 26, 1862, Hill was promoted to division command, and Kemper, as the ranking colonel, assumed command of the brigade. At theBattle of Seven Pines, Kemper's brigade attempted to relieve GeneralD.H. Hill's battered troops but retreated from massed enemy artillery fire and did not engage the U.S. infantry. Nonetheless, Kemper was promoted to brigadier general on June 3. During theSeven Days Battles, Kemper's brigade was held in reserve at theBattle of Gaines's Mill. At theBattle of Glendale, the relatively inexperienced brigade spearheaded Longstreet's attack on the U.S. lines; before this, the only general engagement the brigade had faced took place during theBattle of Williamsburg almost two months earlier, when they had been under A.P. Hill's command. During the week-long confrontation, Kemper's brigade suffered the fewest losses out of Longstreet's six brigades. Following the Seven Days, GeneralRobert E. Lee reorganized the army, and Kemper became a temporary division commander, commanding half of Longstreet's former division.

At theSecond Battle of Bull Run, Kemper's division took part in Longstreet's surprise attack against theU.S. Army left flank, almost destroying Major GeneralJohn Pope'sArmy of Virginia. Following Second Bull Run, the more senior Brigadier GeneralDavid R. Jones took over command of the division, while Kemper reverted to brigade command. At theBattle of Antietam, Kemper was positioned south of the town ofSharpsburg, defending against Major GeneralAmbrose E. Burnside's assault in the afternoon of September 17, 1862. He withdrew his brigade in the face of the U.S. advance, exposing the Confederate right flank. The line was saved only by the hasty arrival of A.P. Hill's division fromHarpers Ferry.

Another army reorganization after Antietam led to Kemper's brigade being placed in a division commanded by Brigadier GeneralGeorge Pickett, who had been on medical leave since being wounded at Gaines Mill. The division was held in reserve atFredericksburg, and during the spring of 1863, was on detached duty in the Richmond area. As a result, Kemper also missed theChancellorsville Campaign.

At theBattle of Gettysburg, Kemper arrived with Pickett's division late on the second day of battle, July 2, 1863. His brigade was one of the central assault units inPickett's Charge, advancing on the right flank of Pickett's line. After crossing Emmitsburg Road, the brigade was hit by flanking fire from twoVermont regiments, driving it to the left and disrupting the cohesion of the assault. Despite the danger, Kemper rose in his stirrups to urge his men forwards, shouting, "There are the guns, boys, go for them!"

This act of bravado made Kemper an obvious target, and he was wounded by a bullet in the abdomen and thigh before being captured by U.S. soldiers. However, he was rescued shortly after that by Sgt. Leigh Blanton of the First Virginia Infantry Regiment^[8] and carried back to the Confederate lines onSeminary Ridge. General Lee encountered Kemper being carried on a stretcher and inquired about the seriousness of his wound, which Kemper said he thought was mortal. He requested that Lee "do full justice to this division for its work today."^[9] During the Confederate Army's retreat from Gettysburg, Kemper was again captured by U.S. forces. He was exchanged (forCharles K. Graham) on September 19, 1863.^[10] For the rest of the war, he was too ill to serve in combat and commanded the Reserve Forces of Virginia instead. He was promoted tomajor general on September 19, 1864.

Kemper was paroled in May 1865. Since his previous house had been destroyed in a raid led by U.S. Army officerGeorge Armstrong Custer, his mother-in-law purchased a house for the family inMadison County. Kemper then resumed his legal career. However, the bullet that had wounded him at Gettysburg had lodged close to a major artery and could not be removed without risking his life, so he suffered groin pain for the rest of his life. Nonetheless, he tried to attract northern capital to rebuild the devastated local economy. He and former classmate and Confederate generalJohn D. Imboden also maintained a general legal practice, which included much bankruptcy law.

Beginning in 1867, Kemper helped found Virginia's Conservative Party, initially to oppose the new state constitution adopted by a convention chaired byJohn Underwood (who allied with theRadical Republican faction and opposed allowing former Confederates the vote, among other measures). In 1869 Kemper allied with another former Confederate general turned railroad entrepreneurWilliam Mahone to electGilbert C. Walker to theVirginia House of Delegates.^[11]

After his wife Bella^[12] died in September 1870 of complications from the birth of their seventh child, Kemper's political activities increased. Distraught from the loss, he no longer slept in the house they had shared but in his law office.^[12] Kemper ran for Congress in the 7th Congressional District (after the redistricting caused by the 1870 census) but lost to incumbentJohn T. Harris ofHarrisonburg.

In the 1873 election forGovernor of Virginia, as theReconstruction Era ended and former Confederate soldiers regained voting rights, Kemper handily defeated formerKnow-Nothing and fellow ex-Confederate turned RepublicanRobert William Hughes ofAbingdon, who won only 43.84% of the votes cast. Kemper's supporters included former Confederate GeneralsJubal Early andFitzhugh Lee as well as Mahone and noted raiderJohn Singleton Mosby. However, former Governor and Confederate GeneralHenry A. Wise supported Hughes.

Kemper served as Virginia's Governor from January 1, 1874, to January 1, 1878. He lived frugally, using his son Meade (d. 1886) as his secretary. Kemper trimmed the state budget where possible and, late in his term, advocated taxing alcohol. One major political controversy involved whether to repay the state's war debt. Kemper allied with the Funder Party to pay it off; theReadjuster Party (which Mahone came to lead) opposed him. Gov. Kemper also enforced the civil rights provisions in the new state constitution, despite having opposed it originally. His February 1874 veto of a new law passed by the General Assembly that attempted to transfer control inPetersburg from elected officials (including African Americans) to a board of commissioners appointed by a judge was sustained by Virginia's Senate, although the law's proponents hanged him in effigy. General Early also vehemently disagreed with Kemper's 1875 decision to allow a militia unit of African Americans to participate in the dedication of a statue of GeneralStonewall Jackson. Gov. Kemper also attempted prison reform and built public schools despite budget shortages. His last major public reception, in October 1877, hosted PresidentRutherford B. Hayes, who opened the state fair in Richmond.^[11] One modern historian analogized Kemper's Conservative philosophy (and that of other VirginiaRedeemers) to that of Gov.Wade Hampton of South Carolina.^[13]

As his term of office ended (the state Constitution forbidding his re-election), Kemper (with his six surviving children and various domestic animals) returned to farming and his legal practice. He sold the Madison County home and purchased a house known as Walnut Hills, which overlooked theRapidan River andBlue Ridge Mountains and was near the Orange County courthouse.^[11] However, complications from the inoperable bullet worsened, and eventually paralyzed his left side. Kemper died on April 7, 1895, and was buried in the family cemetery.

Virginia erected a historical marker at Kemper's former home,^[14] which has now been restored by the Madison County Historical Society and other organizations, and is available for receptions and other activities.^[15] It is part of the Madison Courthouse historic district.^[16] His papers are held by theLibrary of Virginia.^[17]

Because Kemper (like Mahone) supported the education of African-Americans, some schools for African-Americans founded during his governorship were named after him, including Kemper School No. 4 in the Arlington District ofAlexandria County, Virginia.^[18][19]

Also, the Kemper Street Industrial Historic District inLynchburg, Virginia straddles the former Lynchburg and Durham Railroad, construction of which began in May 1887; theNorfolk and Southern Railroad acquired the line in 1898, which spurred that district's industrial growth.^[20]

ActorRoyce D. Applegate portrayed Kemper in two films,Gettysburg (1993) andGods and Generals (2003).

• List of American Civil War generals (Confederate)
• German-Americans in the Civil War

• Eicher, John H., andDavid J. Eicher,Civil War High Commands. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.ISBN 978-0-8047-3641-1.
• Freeman, Douglas S.R. E. Lee, A Biography. 4 vols. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1934–35.OCLC 166632575.
• Gallagher, Gary W., ed.The Third Day at Gettysburg and Beyond. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.ISBN 978-0-8078-4753-4.
• Sifakis, Stewart.Who Was Who in the Civil War. New York: Facts On File, 1988.ISBN 978-0-8160-1055-4.
• Tagg, Larry.The Generals of Gettysburg. Campbell, CA: Savas Publishing, 1998.ISBN 1-882810-30-9.
• Warner, Ezra J.Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1959.ISBN 978-0-8071-0823-9.

• Hess, Earl J.Pickett's Charge–The Last Attack at Gettysburg. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001.ISBN 978-0-8078-2648-5.
• Jamerson, Bruce F.Speakers and Clerks of the Virginia House of Delegates, 1776–2007. Richmond: Virginia House of Delegates, 1996.OCLC 182976627. Revised version of work by E. Griffith Dodson, first published in 1956.
• Stewart, George R.Pickett's Charge: A Microhistory of the Final Attack at Gettysburg, July 3, 1863. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1959.ISBN 0-395-59772-2.
• Wert, Jeffry D.Gettysburg: Day Three. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.ISBN 0-684-85914-9.

Wikimedia Commons has media related toJames Kemper.

• "James L. Kemper".Find a Grave. RetrievedOctober 18, 2020.
• A Guide to the Executive Papers of Governor James L. Kemper, 1874–1877 atThe Library of Virginia
• "James Lawson Kemper," Encyclopedia Virginia

• 1823 births
• 1895 deaths
• Democratic Party governors of Virginia
• Speakers of the Virginia House of Delegates
• Democratic Party members of the Virginia House of Delegates
• Confederate States Army major generals
• Virginia lawyers
• American military personnel of the Mexican–American War
• People of Virginia in the American Civil War
• American Civil War prisoners of war
• American militia generals
• People from Madison County, Virginia
• Washington and Lee University School of Law alumni
• American people of German descent
• American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law
• 19th-century members of the Virginia General Assembly

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