I-43 highlighted in red | ||||
| Route information | ||||
| Maintained byWisDOT | ||||
| Length | 191.55 mi[1] (308.27 km) | |||
| Existed | 1981[2]–present | |||
| Tourist routes | ||||
| NHS | Entire route | |||
| Major junctions | ||||
| South end | ||||
| Major intersections | ||||
| North end | ||||
| Location | ||||
| Country | United States | |||
| State | Wisconsin | |||
| Counties | Rock,Walworth,Waukesha,Milwaukee,Ozaukee,Sheboygan,Manitowoc,Brown | |||
| Highway system | ||||
| ||||
Interstate 43 (I-43) is a 191.55-mile-long (308.27 km)Interstate Highway located entirely within the US state ofWisconsin, connectingI-39/I-90 inBeloit withMilwaukee andI-41,U.S. Highway 41 (US 41) andUS 141 inGreen Bay.State Trunk Highway 32 (WIS 32)runs concurrently with I-43 in two sections andI-94,I-894,US 10, US 41,US 45, andWIS 57 overlap I-43 once each. There are no auxiliary or business routes connected to I-43, though an alternate route to direct traffic during road closures is signed along local and state highways from Milwaukee County north into Brown County.
I-43 came about as a result of toll road proposals that included a Milwaukee toSuperior corridor that includedHurley,Wausau, and Green Bay. Only the Milwaukee-to-Green Bay section was approved. The route was originally planned to follow an alignment about midway between US 41 and US 141 (the latter paralleled Lake Michigan at the time) along WIS 57. Controversy about this location and use ofright-of-way led to the establishment of the current alignment, which follows much of what was the 1950s-era realignment of US 141 from Milwaukee toSheboygan, and a new alignment from Sheboygan to Green Bay. This section was completed in 1981.
The Beloit-to-Milwaukee segment was developed after two separate proposals for Interstates, one of them between Milwaukee and Beloit and the other between Milwaukee andJanesville. The Milwaukee–Beloit route was chosen, completed in 1976 as WIS 15 and renumbered as I-43 in 1988. To connect the two segments, I-43 was signed concurrently with the east–west segment of I-894 and the north–south portion of I-94 in the greater Milwaukee metropolitan area from theHale Interchange to theMarquette Interchange, which was completely reconstructed with work being completed in 2008.
I-43 begins inRock County as the eastern leg of aT interchange withI-39/I-90 just east ofBeloit. The highway becomesWIS 81 west of the interchange. The Beloit-to-Milwaukee segment of I-43 passes mainly through farmland situated on rolling hills, going around urbanized areas except for in the greater Milwaukee area, where the route passes through suburban residential areas with some embedded industrial establishments.[3][4] The Interstate bypassesClinton to the north atWIS 140 and passes intoWalworth County five miles (8.0 km) east of WIS 140. As of 2007[update], daily traffic counts for Rock County range from 12,400 to 19,200 with the higher counts closest to Beloit. The interchange with I-39/I-90 accommodates 1,000–5,200 vehicles daily, with the most traffic on ramps connecting southbound I-39/I-90 to westbound WIS 81 and westbound I-43 to southbound I-39/I-90.[5] I-43 passes north ofDarien and crossesUS 14 at that point, then junctions withWIS 50 south ofDelavan. As of 2006[update], about 14,000–19,200 vehicles use this section daily.[6]
InElkhorn, I-43 junctions withWIS 67,US 12, andWIS 11. The freeway passes throughEast Troy about 10 miles (16 km) northeast of Elkhorn and junctions withWIS 20 andWIS 120. It then entersWaukesha County atMukwonago.[7] I-43 crossesWIS 83 at an interchange just southeast of the village. After about eight miles (13 km), the highway junctions withWIS 164 just north ofBig Bend and then enters the city ofNew Berlin where the freeway has interchanges with South Racine Avenue (CTH-Y) and South Moorland Road (CTH-O). It then turns east to enterMilwaukee County.[8] As of 2006[update], traffic volumes range from 21,000 around Elkhorn to 35,800 in Waukesha County to 85,000 (2007 figures) atWIS 100.[6][9][10]
The Beloit-to-Milwaukee portion (at the Hale Interchange with I-894) was given the name "Rock Freeway" because the freeway traverses Rock County and heads towards the cities in theRock River valley, includingRockford, Illinois. However, the moniker generally only applies to the portion of the route in Waukesha and Milwaukee counties;[11][self-published source?] freeway names in southeastern Wisconsin media are used interchangeably with Interstate numbers. The freeway is entirely four lanes from Beloit to New Berlin. A six-lane segment begins whereUS 45 merges on the Interstate.[3]

I-43 connects with US 45 south and WIS 100 at South 108th Street. US 45 joins the highway for one mile (1.6 km), then turns northward ontoI-894 west andI-41/US 41 south at theHale Interchange, while I-43 follows I-894 east and I-41/US 41 south along the Airport Freeway intoGreenfield, (forming awrong-way concurrency with I-41) with interchanges withWIS 24,WIS 36, andWIS 241. At theMitchell Interchange, I-894 ends and I-41/I-94/US 41 continues south while I-43 turns north to follow I-94 northbound, also known as the North–South Freeway, into downtown Milwaukee, where it meetsI-794 at theMarquette Interchange. As of 2007[update], the Airport Freeway carries 107,000–134,000 vehicles per day. The freeway between the Mitchell and Marquette interchanges carried less at that time—97,000 (closer to downtown) to 105,000.[10][12] The highway passes through mixed urban residential and industrial areas of the greater Milwaukee area, carrying six lanes throughout with the exception of near the Marquette Interchange where eight lanes of traffic exist.[3]

I-43 continues north from the Marquette Interchange, while I-94 turns westward. After passing through downtown Milwaukee, just east ofMarquette University, it crossesUS 18 at Highland Boulevard and crossesWIS 145 at the McKinley Boulevard/Fond du Lac Avenue interchange. Exit 72C's northbound off- and on-ramps in downtown Milwaukee pass underneath the county courthouse via tunnels to Kilbourn Avenue.[3] On the way north out of Milwaukee, the Interstate passes through Glendale, junctioning withWIS 190 (Capitol Drive) andWIS 57 (Green Bay Avenue), and north of Good Hope Road has a grassy median with acable barrier. WIS 100 andWIS 32 connect at Brown Deer Road and WIS 32 follows the Interstate north intoOzaukee County.[13][self-published source?][14] Up to 146,000 vehicles used this portion daily in 2007. This count decreased further north, with a count of 78,900 vehicles per day near WIS 100's northern terminus and 69,600 closer to the Ozaukee County border.[15] As it passes through mixed residential and commercial zones north of downtown, the highway carries eight lanes of traffic downtown, six lanes of traffic north of North Avenue to WIS 60 in Grafton, and four lanes of traffic north of WIS 60 all the way toGreen Bay.[3]
WIS 57 joins the freeway three miles (4.8 km) north of the county line inMequon at the junction withWIS 167. The urban residential areas thin out north of this point as a mix of farmland and forest begins to dominate.[3]WIS 60 terminates inGrafton at the Interstate seven miles (11 km) further north and WIS 32 turns off towardPort Washington one mile (1.6 km) north of WIS 60.WIS 33 crosses the route inSaukville. WIS 57 turns north off the freeway, which turns eastward to go around Port Washington to the north. WIS 32 rejoins the freeway on the northside and the two routes follow theLake Michigan shoreline northeast into Sheboygan County.[16] WIS 32 leaves the freeway atCedar Grove and the Interstate passesOostburg to the east andSheboygan to the west. In Sheboygan, I-43 intersectsWIS 28,WIS 23, andWIS 42. I-43 enters Manitowoc County nine miles (14 km) north of Sheboygan.[17] As of 2007[update], traffic counts in southern Ozaukee County peak at 66,900 vehicles per day—this value generally decreases further north.[18] As of 2005[update], the counts in Sheboygan County bottom out at 21,100 vehicles per day just south of the Manitowoc County line.[19]
I-43 passesCleveland on the county line. The highway continues to follow the lakeshore to straddle Manitowoc's westside, passing west ofNewton, Wisconsin, with aweigh station for southbound truck drivers located midway between Newton and Cleveland. I-43 connects withUS 151 and WIS 42. WIS 42 north follows the freeway north to the interchange withUS 10. WIS 42 leaves to the east along with US 10 east, and US 10 west follows I-43 north to the interchange withWIS 310 where it turns off to the west. The Interstate passesFrancis Creek andMaribel (atWIS 147) and turns northwestward into Brown County, with arest stop located just before the county line.[20] I-43 in Manitowoc County has the least traveled portion of the highway with 17,400 vehicles passing south of WIS 147 according to 2005 results. These values increase further south.[21]
The Interstate passesDenmark and meets the terminus ofWIS 96 one mile (1.6 km) north of the county line. The Interstate then continues another seven miles (11 km) toBellevue whereUS 141 begins. This interchange provides access toWIS 29, a route the freeway crosses under later. At this point, the Interstate enters urban residential areas as it approaches Green Bay.[3] I-43 junctions withWIS 172 inAllouez, then turns northeast to bypass Green Bay to the east, passing under the aforementioned WIS 29. After turning northwestward, the Interstate intersectsWIS 54 and WIS 57 and crosses theFox River on theLeo Frigo Memorial Bridge, passing through a heavily industrialized area near the Port of Green Bay.[3] I-43 ends at I-41/US 41/US 141.[22] I-43's lowest traffic volume in this county is at the southernmost entry with a 2006 value of 22,100 vehicles per day near Denmark. Values around Green Bay range from 34,600 to 42,200 vehicles per day.[23]

Wisconsin had anticipated the Interstates with studies of possible toll roads. When the original Interstate System was approved, the state was only given two routes: I-90 and I-94.[2] The Wisconsin Transportation Commission submitted a request to add an Interstate in 1953 connecting Milwaukee to Green Bay, a request the federal government denied. After a study by the Wisconsin Turnpike Commission (which was established in 1953), a request was submitted in 1963 for a route that connected Milwaukee and Superior by way of Green Bay, Wausau, Hurley, andAshland which could be completed in increments. However, only the Milwaukee-to-Green Bay segment was approved.[24]
The original plan for the northern part of I-43 was to locate it midway between US 141 and US 41, using most of the current alignment of WIS 57 north ofWIS 33 inSaukville;[25] additionally, it was proposed to use theInterstate 57 number,[26] though that was changed due to resistance from Illinois to extend its portion through Chicago.[citation needed] But farmers and landowners within the corridor opposed the plan. According to the opponents of the I-43 construction, what the commission revealed as their plan to construct I-43 along the WIS 57 corridor did not reveal is that instead of using the existing right-of-way, the freeway was to be built 2.25 miles (3.62 km) west of WIS 57. This was the case despite the fact that WIS 57 had a wide right-of-way of 300 feet (91 m).[25] Protests, including farmers bringing their cows to graze on theWisconsin State Capitol grounds, prompted a compromise to utilize the freeway built for US 141 between Milwaukee and Sheboygan instead, building the remaining freeway for the Interstate itself.[24] This plan, particularly the new freeway, met resistance from theBrown,Sheboygan, andManitowoc county governments.
Construction first began in 1963 on the freeway that was, at the time, designated US 141. The first segment to begin construction was a 3.4-mile (5.5 km) segment beginning at the Port Washington Road exit in Milwaukee County. An additional 10 miles (16 km) of the highway were completed in Ozaukee County by 1964.[2] In 1965, a 9.3-mile (15.0 km) bypass of Sheboygan opened to traffic. The last major segment, consisting of 94.4 miles (151.9 km) of roadway, was started in 1972 after the last of these governments, Manitowoc County, pledged its support.[25] The portion in Milwaukee County extending from the Port Washington Road exit to the Marquette Interchange was completed in 1981 to open the route.[2] The route through Milwaukee was platted through theBlack-American neighborhood ofBronzeville.[27] Historically,segregation and related issues meant that this was the only place in Milwaukee where Black citizens could settle; it was later targeted for renewal to rid the city of what its political leadership saw as slums.[28] The Interstate effectively finished off Bronzeville, as thousands of houses were seized viaeminent domain and approximately a thousand businesses were razed.[29][30]
The southwestern portion has also had a history of requests for Interstate routings. Interstate routings for such a connection between Beloit and the Milwaukee metropolitan area were requested by theWisconsin Department of Transportation (WisDOT) but denied by theFederal Highway Administration (FHWA) in 1973. Another request for a link to Janesville was also denied. Despite the denials, local and state officials continued to seek funding to construct a freeway between these two metropolitan areas.[24] A government collaboration called the "Highway 15 Committee" was formed to present and promote the route. Construction began on the route in the 1960s with the first segment, a 0.9-mile (1.4 km) connector linking US 45 with I-894 as part of the project to build the Hale Interchange connecting the pending route with I-894. The new connector received the US 45 designation as that highway was transferred onto the freeway heading north. The first long segment was completed in 1969. It extended from the US 45 connector to CTH-F (nowWIS 164) in Big Bend. After this segment was opened, the WIS 15 designation was applied. The next segment, toEast Troy, was opened in 1972, the year the Highway 15 Committee had hoped the route would be completed in its entirety. It was extended toElkhorn in 1973 in conjunction with theUS 12 freeway construction, then to I-90 in 1976. I-43 signs were placed on the freeway by 1988 after designation in 1987, replacing WIS 15. I-43 was also mapped concurrently with I-94 and I-894 to link the two segments together.[31][self-published source?] Even though exit number tabs were labeled according to the new mileposts, the mileposts themselves were not renumbered to coincide with the current length until 1991.[32]
The Marquette Interchange, which connects I-43 with I-94, andI-794, was completely reconstructed over a four-year span, beginning in October 2004 and ending in September 2008. This project eliminated lefthand exits and widened connecting ramps between I-94 and I-43.[33]
Amultiple-vehicle collision on the northbound lanes of I-43 involving 52 vehicles, killing three and injuring at least 30 others, occurred on theTower Drive Bridge at 6:45 am March 12, 1990. The cause was a wall of fog with extremely limited visibility near the Fox River on an otherwise clear day.[34][35]
On October 10, 2002, a multiple-vehicle collision occurred on I-43, just south ofCedar Grove. The crash occurred on southbound I-43 in Sheboygan County just north of the Ozaukee–Sheboygan county line.[36] It involved 50 vehicles and was found to have been caused by low visibility due to fog at a point where the freeway comes its closest to paralleling Lake Michigan, 0.7 miles (1.1 km) from shore.[37] The crash and resulting fires led to the deaths of 10 individuals, making this crash the deadliest in Wisconsin history. In addition to the fatalities, 36 people were also injured in the pileup. According to witnesses at the scene, fire from the wreckage rose over 20–30 feet (6.1–9.1 m) into the air. First responders said many of the bodies they recovered were burned beyond recognition. Then-Sheboygan County Sheriff Loni Koenig said of the crash site, "In my 21 years [of law enforcement], this is the most horrific scene I have ever seen, and I'm sure that it is for many of the people there."[38] The crash has since been described as the worst traffic crash in Wisconsin state history.[39]
Another multiple-vehicle collision occurred on March 5, 2019, on the Leo Frigo Bridge because of ice on the bridge. Nobody was severely injured.[40]
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I-43 is currently being widened from four to six lanes in total north of Milwaukee from Silver Spring Drive toWIS 60, with the anticipated completion in late 2024.[41][needs update] Rest Area 51 and 52 inManitowoc County betweenCooperstown andDenmark will be replaced with a newer facilities beginning in 2024 and ending in 2025.[42]
| County | Location | mi[43] | km | Exit[44] | Destinations | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rock | Beloit | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1A-B | Signed as left exit 1A (I-39 south/I-90 east) & 1B (I-39 north/I-90 west); Formercloverleaf interchangediverging diamond interchange at WIS 81 (Milwaukee Road); I-39/I-90 exit 185 | |
| Town of Turtle | 1.43 | 2.30 | 2 | |||
| Town of Clinton | 6.97 | 11.22 | 6 | |||
| Walworth | Town of Darien | 14.99 | 24.12 | 15 | ||
| 17.92 | 28.84 | 17 | ||||
| Town of Delavan | 21.13 | 34.01 | 21 | |||
| Elkhorn | 25.81 | 41.54 | 25 | |||
| Town of Lafayette | 27.45 | 44.18 | 27 | Signed as exits 27A (US 12 east) and 27B (US 12 west) | ||
| 28.98 | 46.64 | 29 | ||||
| 34.04 | 54.78 | 33 | ||||
| Town of East Troy | 36.78 | 59.19 | 36 | |||
| East Troy | 38.54 | 62.02 | 38 | |||
| Waukesha | Mukwonago | 43.84 | 70.55 | 43 | Southwestern end for Rock Freeway name | |
| Big Bend | 50.71 | 81.61 | 50 | |||
| New Berlin | 54.11 | 87.08 | 54 | |||
| 56.99– 57.04 | 91.72– 91.80 | 57 | ||||
| 58.88 | 94.76 | 59 | Northbound exit and southbound entrance | |||
| Milwaukee | Greenfield | 60.92 | 98.04 | 60 | Southern end of US 45 concurrency; southbound exit and northbound entrance, northbound exit is via exit 59 | |
| 61.09 | 98.31 | 61 | Western end of I-41/I-894 concurrency; northern end of US 45 concurrency; signed as exit 4 southbound; concurrency uses I-894 exit numbers; northeastern end of Rock Freeway name; western end of Airport Freeway name;Hale Interchange | |||
| 62.49 | 100.57 | 5 | 76th Street (CTH-U), 84th Street | Signed as exits 5A (South 76th Street) and 5B (South 84th Street) | ||
| 62.78 | 101.03 | 5A | Southbound exit and northbound entrance | |||
| 63.51 | 102.21 | 7 | 60th St. | |||
| 64.51 | 103.82 | 8 | ||||
| Milwaukee | 65.55– 65.56 | 105.49– 105.51 | 9 | Signed as exits 9A (WIS 241 south) and 9B (WIS 241 north) southbound | ||
| 66.22– 66.25 | 106.57– 106.62 | 10 316 | Eastern end of I-41/I-894/US 41 concurrency; southern end of I-94 concurrency; signed as exits 10A (I-43 north/I-94 west) and 10B (I-41 south/I-94 east/US 41 south) northbound, and as no number (I-94 east/US 41 south) and exit 316 (I-43 south/I-894 west) westbound; concurrency uses I-94 exit numbers; eastern end of Airport Freeway name; southern end of North–South Freeway name;Mitchell Interchange | |||
| 67.73– 68.30 | 109.00– 109.92 | 314 | Holt Avenue, Howard Avenue | Signed as exits 314A (Holt Avenue) and 314B (Howard Avenue) southbound | ||
| 70.01– 70.56 | 112.67– 113.56 | 312 | Becher Street, Mitchell Street, Lapham Boulevard, Greenfield Avenue, Lincoln Avenue | Signed as exits 312A (Lapham Boulevard) and 312B (Becher Street) southbound | ||
| 71.26 | 114.68 | 311 | ||||
| 71.73 | 115.44 | 310C | Marquette Interchange; signed as exit 72B southbound; I-794 exit 1 | |||
| 71.86 | 115.65 | 310B | Northern end of I-94 concurrency; Marquette Interchange; signed as exit 72D southbound | |||
| 72.25 | 116.28 | 72A | Michigan Street, 10th Street | Northbound exit and southbound entrance | ||
| 72.44 | 116.58 | 72C | Kilbourn Avenue | Northbound exit only | ||
| 72.74 | 117.06 | 72E | Southbound exit and northbound entrance | |||
| 72.91 | 117.34 | 73A | ||||
| 73.70 | 118.61 | 73B | North Avenue | |||
| 74.67 | 120.17 | 74 | Locust Street | |||
| 75.40– 74.46 | 121.34– 119.83 | 75 | Keefe Avenue, Atkinson Avenue | |||
| 75.94– 76.16 | 122.21– 122.57 | 76 | No southbound exit to northbound WIS 57; signed as exits 76A (WIS 57/WIS 190 east) and 76B (WIS 57/WIS 190 west) northbound | |||
| Glendale | 76.93 | 123.81 | 77 | Hampton Avenue | Southbound exit and northbound entrance; signed as exits 77A (east) and 77B (west) | |
| 78.03– 78.05 | 125.58– 125.61 | 78 | Silver Spring Drive, Port Washington Road | |||
| River Hills | 80.13 | 128.96 | 80 | |||
| Bayside | 82.03 | 132.01 | 82 | Southern end of WIS 32 concurrency; currently being converted todiverging diamond interchange | ||
| Ozaukee | Mequon | 83.58 | 134.51 | 83 | Became a full interchange in 2023 | |
| 85.25– 85.28 | 137.20– 137.24 | 85 | Southern end of WIS 57 concurrency | |||
| 87.41 | 140.67 | 87 | Highland Road | |||
| Town of Grafton | 89.33 | 143.76 | 89 | |||
| Grafton | 92.14 | 148.28 | 92 | |||
| Town of Grafton | 93.56– 93.58 | 150.57– 150.60 | 93 | Northern end of WIS 32 concurrency; northern end of North–South Freeway | ||
| Saukville | 96.66 | 155.56 | 96 | |||
| Town of Saukville | 97.54 | 156.98 | 97 | Northern end of WIS 57 concurrency; northbound exit and southbound entrance | ||
| Town of Port Washington | 100.73 | 162.11 | 100 | Southern end of WIS 32 concurrency; CTH-H is the formerWIS 84 | ||
| Town of Belgium | 107.57 | 173.12 | 107 | |||
| Sheboygan | Town of Holland | 112.82 | 181.57 | 113 | Northern end of WIS 32 concurrency | |
| 116.71– 116.74 | 187.83– 187.87 | 116 | ||||
| Town of Wilson | 120.36– 120.39 | 193.70– 193.75 | 120 | |||
| Town of Sheboygan | 123.31– 123.35 | 198.45– 198.51 | 123 | |||
| Sheboygan | 125.90 | 202.62 | 126 | Cloverleaf interchange; signed as exit 126A eastbound, exit 126B westbound | ||
| Town of Sheboygan | 128.60 | 206.96 | 128 | |||
| Town of Mosel | 131.50 | 211.63 | 131 | Rowe Road / Golf Event Traffic | Southbound entrance, northbound exit;[45] event-only ramp forWhistling Straits | |
| Manitowoc | Town of Centerville | 137.57 | 221.40 | 137 | FormerWIS 149 | |
| Town of Newton | 144.17 | 232.02 | 144 | |||
| Manitowoc | 149.76 | 241.02 | 149 | Northern terminus of US 151 and I-43 Alt | ||
| 151.72 | 244.17 | 152 | Southern end of US 10 concurrency; to Sturgeon Bay not signed southbound | |||
| Town of Manitowoc Rapids | 154.75 | 249.05 | 154 | Northern end of US 10 concurrency | ||
| Town of Kossuth | 157.80 | 253.95 | 157 | |||
| 160.53 | 258.35 | 160 | ||||
| Town of Cooperstown | 164.24 | 264.32 | 164 | Mishicot not signed southbound, Two Rivers not signed northbound | ||
| Brown | Denmark | 170.83 | 274.92 | 171 | ||
| Town of Ledgeview | 177.99 | 286.45 | 178 | |||
| Bellevue | 180.49 | 290.47 | 180 | To I-41 not signed northbound while WIS 32 not signed southbound | ||
| 181.71 | 292.43 | 181 | ||||
| Green Bay | 183.20– 183.23 | 294.83– 294.88 | 183 | |||
| 185.39– 185.42 | 298.36– 298.40 | 185 | ||||
| 187.60– 187.63 | 301.91– 301.96 | 187 | Webster Avenue, East Shore Drive | |||
| Leo Frigo Memorial Bridge over theFox River | ||||||
| 189.60 | 305.13 | 189 | Atkinson Drive | |||
| Howard | 191.40– 191.76 | 308.03– 308.61 | 192B | Northbound exit and southbound entrance; exit 170B on I-41; no access to US 141 south; northern terminus of I-41 | ||
| 192A | Exit 170B on US 41 | |||||
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
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| Location | Manitowoc,Sheboygan,Ozaukee,Milwaukee, andWaukesha counties |
|---|---|
I-43 has analternate route within Manitowoc, Sheboygan, Ozaukee, and Milwaukee counties for situations requiring a road closure starting atWIS 83 at exit 43 in Mukwonago to Calumet Avenue (US 151) at exit 149 in Manitowoc, mainly using the formerUS 141 andWIS 15 locally known as Port Washington Road and designated as CTH-W in Milwaukee and Ozaukee counties, while as a series of roads in Waukesha County. PastWIS 33 inSaukville, the divided limited-accessWIS 57 at the I-43/WIS 57 split is designated Alt. I-43 toWIS 23 inPlymouth, where it diverts offWIS 32 atSheboygan, then north toWIS 42 atHowards Grove north to Manitowoc.