| Intersex topics |
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Intersex people inArgentina have no recognition of their rights to physical integrity and bodily autonomy, and no specific protections from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics. Cases also exist of children being denied access to birth certificates without their parents consenting to medical interventions. TheNational Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism and civil society organizations such as Justicia Intersex have called for the prohibition of unnecessary medical interventions and access to redress.
The first public discussions on intersex issues in Argentina took place in 1995, and in 2005, regional trans and intersex activists first gathered.[1] Argentinian intersex and transgender rights activistMauro Cabral was a signatory of theYogyakarta Principles in 2006. A collection of essays, titledInterdicciones was published in 2009.[2]
The first UN report to condemn irreversible and involuntary medical interventions was published by ArgentinianJuan E. Méndez, theUN Special Rapporteur on torture, in 2013.[3]
In April 2018, Latin American and Caribbean intersex activists published the San José de Costa Rica statement, defining local demands.[4]
In 2013, the UN Special Rapporteur on torture condemnedintersex medical interventions intended to “fix" the sex of children born with atypical sex characteristics, finding that this could lead to "permanent, irreversible infertility and causing severe mental suffering".[3] The report stressed the powerlessness of stigmatized groups, and the centrality of informed consent.[1] The report called for the repeal of laws permitting irreversible medical interventions, including coercive genital surgeries and gonadectomies. Similar calls have been made by theInter-American Commission on Human Rights.[5]
In a 2015 paper, theNational Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism (INADI) called for recognition of the rights of intersex people to bodily integrity and autonomy in medical decisions.[1] INADI called for the deferral of medically unnecessary interventions, and access to health for all intersex people regardless of prior medical treatment.
In 2017, a joint submission to theUN Committee Against Torture by Justicia Intersex andZwischengeschlecht identified a lack of legal protection of rights to physical and mental integrity, and to self-determination, and no measure to ensure data collection and monitoring, accountability or redress.[6] The report stated that provisions on patient and children's rights were not applied to intersex persons, and relevant institutions were supportive of unnecessary medical interventions, or indifferent to them. The report cited a 2010 paper by Argentine pediatric surgeon Marcela Bailez and others that suggested early gonadectomies, even in cases of very low cancer risk, stating that these provide a psychological benefit for parents.[6] It also reported 2016 guidance by the Argentinian Civil Association for Pediatric Surgery calls for "clitoridectomy for intersex status", and multiple research papers by Hospital Gutierrez reporting poor surgical outcomes, lack of sexual desire in post-surgical patients, anxiety and depression.[6] Complications from masculinizing surgeries, medical display, and the use of prenatal treatments are also described.[6]
In 2015, theNational Institute Against Discrimination, Xenophobia and Racism (INADI) published a report on intersex.[1] The report described sex as a cultural category, based on socially-determined parameters, in addition to being a biological or bodily category. It recommended action to prevent bullying and discrimination on the basis of bodily characteristics in schools, and the development of appropriate educational content.
A 2017 civil society submission to theUnited Nations Committee Against Torture identified two cases of children denied birth certificates without parental consent to irreversible medical interventions.[6]
The Ley de Género (Gender Law),[7] grants adults sex reassignment surgery and hormone therapy as a part of their public or private health care plans. The law also allows for changes to gender, image, or birth name on civil registries without the approval of a doctor or a judge.[8] The law made Argentina the first country to allow people to change their gender identity without any kind of medical intervention or certification.[8][9]
The law does not permit a third option, and the possibility of constructing a third option on the basis of biology, or medical treatment, has been criticized byMauro Cabral Grinspan, stating that an Australian legal case affirmed a correspondence between physical characteristics and gender identity.[10][1] Cabral has also written that, "People tend to identify a third sex with freedom from the gender binary, but that is not necessarily the case. If only trans and/or intersex people can access that third category, or if they are compulsively assigned to a third sex, then the gender binary gets stronger, not weaker."[11]
Upon legalisingsame-sex marriage on July 15, 2010, Argentina became the first country inLatin America, the second in theAmericas, and the tenth in the world to do so.[12]
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