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| Ingressive | |
|---|---|
| ◌↓ | |
| IPA number | 661 |
| Encoding | |
| Unicode(hex) | U+2193 |
Inphonetics,ingressive sounds are sounds by which theairstream flows inward through the mouth or nose. The three types of ingressive sounds arelingual ingressive orvelaric ingressive (from thetongue and thevelum),glottalic ingressive (from theglottis), andpulmonic ingressive (from thelungs).
The opposite of an ingressive sound is anegressive sound, by which the air stream is created by pushing air out through the mouth or nose. The majority of sounds in most languages, such as /b/, are both pulmonic and egressive.
Lingual ingressive, or velaric ingressive, describes anairstream mechanism in which a sound is produced by closing the vocal tract at two places of articulation in the mouth, thenrarefying the air in the enclosed space by lowering the tongue, and then releasing either or both closures. These are theclick consonants.
Glottal ingressive is the term generally applied to the implosive consonants, which when voiced actually use a mixed glottalic ingressive–pulmonic egressive airstream.Voiceless implosives are true glottalic ingressives.
Pulmonic ingressive describes ingressive sounds in which the airstream is created by thelungs. These are nearly alwaysparalinguistic. They may be found as phonemes, words, and entire phrases on all continents and in genetically-unrelated languages, most frequently in sounds for agreement andbackchanneling. Some pulmonic ingressive sounds do not have egressive counterparts. For example, the cell for a velar trill in the IPA chart is greyed out as not being possible, but aningressive velar (or velic) trill is a snort; this has been jocularly transcribed ⟨ꙫ⟩, intended to resemble thesnout of a pig.[1][2]
Pulmonic ingressive sounds are extremely rare outside paralinguistics. A pulmonic ingressive phoneme was found in the ritual languageDamin, as inl*i[ɬ↓ʔi] 'fish'; its last speaker died in the 1990s.ǃXóõ has a series of nasalizedclick consonants in which the nasal airstream is pulmonic ingressive. Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:268) state, "This ǃXóõ click is probably unique among the sounds of the world's languages that, even in the middle of a sentence, it may have ingressive pulmonic airflow."Tsou was once said to have an ingressive phoneme, but subsequent investigation did not confirm this.[citation needed]
In theextensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet, ingressive sounds are indicated with ⟨↓⟩ so theNorwegian backchanneling particlesja andnei would be transcribed ⟨jɑː↓⟩ and ⟨næɪ↓⟩. Asnore could be transcribed[𝼀↓ːː].
Laver uses ⟨˒⟩ instead for ⟨j˒ɑː˒⟩ and ⟨n˒æɪ˒⟩.[3]
Ingressive speech sounds are produced while the speaker breathes in, in contrast to most speech sounds, which are produced as the speaker breathes out. The air that is used to voice the speech is drawn in rather than pushed out.
Speech technologist Robert Eklund has found reports of ingressive speech in around 50 languages worldwide, dating as far back as Cranz's (1765) "Historie von Grönland" which mentions it in female affirmations among theEskimo. Despite being a common phenomenon, it is frequently associated withScandinavian languages. Most words that are subject to ingressive speech arebackchanneling words ("yes, no"). It sometimes occurs in rapid counting to maintain a steady airflow throughout a long series of unbroken sounds. InEnglish, ingressive sounds include when one says "Huh!" (a gasping sound) to express surprise or "Sss" (an inward hiss) to express empathy when another is hurt.
Japanese has what has been described an apicoprepalatal fricative approximant. This sound is similar to an inbreathed[s↓]. It is used as a response to statements that are upsetting, or as a sign of deference. Japanese-speakers also use an ingressive bilateral bidental friction as a "pre-turn opening in conversation" or to begin a prayer.[4][5]
Long strings of speech may be inhaled when the speaker is sobbing. There are claims ofTohono Oʼodham women speaking entirely ingressively.[6]
Several languages include an affirmative "yeah", "yah", "yuh", or "yes" that is made with inhaled breath, which sounds something like a gasp. That is an example of a pulmonic ingressive and is found as follows:
