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Indian Ocean in World War II

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Naval theatre of operations

Indian Ocean Campaign
Part ofWorld War II

Aircraft CarrierHMS Hermes (95) sinking during theIndian Ocean raid
Date1940 - 15 August 1945
Location
Indian Ocean and its surroundings
ResultAllied victory
Belligerents

Allies
British Empire

 Australia
NetherlandsNetherlands
 Free France
 United States
 New Zealand
Canada

Axis
 Japan
 Germany
 Italy

Vichy France
Ceylonese mutineers
Theatres ofWorld War II
Europe
Asia-Pacific
Mediterranean and Middle East
Other campaigns
Coups
Resistance movements
Central Pacific
Indian Ocean (1941–1945)
Southeast Asia
Burma and India
Southwest Pacific
North America
Japan
Manchuria and Northern Korea

Second Sino-Japanese War

Thepocket battleshipAdmiral Graf Spee brought World War II to the Indian Ocean in 1939.
Atlantis was the first disguised commerce raider in the Indian Ocean.
Galileo Galilei was one of eight Italian submarines operating out of Massawa, and is shown here being captured by the Royal Navy.
HMS Hermes as a convoy escort during the first year of wartime patrols.
Italian commerce raiderRamb I sinking.
Fairey Albacore bombers launched fromHMS Formidable raidedMassawa.
Pantera was one of the destroyers based at Massawa destroyed when the Allies captured Italy's east African colonies.
Commerce raiderKormoran preparing to refuel a U-boat.
HMAS Sydney was the only cruiser to be sunk by a commerce raider.
USS Langley under air attack south of Java.
HMAS Yarra was sunk by Japanese warships south of Java.
HMS Cornwall andHMS Dorsetshire under attack by Japanese dive bombers on 5 April 1942.
HMS Cornwall sinking following air attack.
HMIS Indus inAkyab harbour, Burma, 1942.
Japanese submarine I-10 shown atPenang between Indian Ocean patrols.
Bristol Blenheims ofNo. 60 Squadron RAF flying low to attack a Japanesecoaster offAkyab,Burma on 11 October 1942.
Japanese commerce raiderHōkoku Maru.
HMAS Arunta evacuated troops from Japanese-occupiedTimor.
Italy's most successful submarineLeonardo da Vinci sank ships in the western Indian Ocean during patrols from European bases.
Dutch submarine O-21 patrolled theAndaman Sea.
Tenth Air ForceB-24 Liberators sank several ships in theAndaman Sea.
German submarine U-511 was the first U-boat to reach the eastern Indian Ocean and was presented to Japan as IJNRO-500.
HMS Tally-Ho was one of severalBritish T-class submarines patrolling theStrait of Malacca.
HMS Illustrious operated withUSS Saratoga for Indian Ocean air raids.
HMS Khedive was one of severalescort carriers serving in the Indian Ocean.
Fireflies returning toHMS Indefatigable following Operation Lentil airstrikes.
BattleshipsHMS Valiant andRichelieu during Operation Bishop.
Operation Dracula was the last major amphibious landing in the Indian Ocean.
German submarine U-532 was the last of theMonsun Gruppe to return to Europe, and is shown arriving inLiverpool after the German surrender.
Haguro was sunk evacuating Japanese troops from Port Blair.

Prior toWorld War II, theIndian Ocean was an important maritime trade route betweenEuropean nations and theircolonial territories inEast Africa, theArabian Peninsula,British India,Indochina, the East Indies (Indonesia), andAustralia for a long time. Naval presence was dominated by theRoyal NavyEastern Fleet and theRoyal Australian Navy as World War II began, with a major portion of theRoyal Netherlands Navy operating in theDutch East Indies and theRed Sea Flotilla of the ItalianRegia Marina operating fromMassawa.

Axis naval forces gave a high priority to disruptingAllied trade in the Indian Ocean. Initial anti-shipping measures ofunrestricted submarine warfare and covertraiding ships expanded to includeairstrikes byaircraft carriers and raids bycruisers of theImperial Japanese Navy. AKriegsmarineMonsun Gruppe ofU-boats operated from the eastern Indian Ocean after thePersian Corridor became an important military supply route to theSoviet Union.

Chronology

[edit]

1940

[edit]

TheRegia MarinaRed Sea Flotilla based atMassawa provided a focal point for Indian Ocean naval activity following Italiandeclaration of war on 10 June 1940; although Indian Ocean patrols ofKriegsmarinemerchant raiders required defensive dispersion ofAlliedcruisers after May.

  • 23 March 1940: The Royal Navy established the Malaya Force of cruisers,destroyers andsubmarines to stop German merchant ships leaving the Dutch East Indies.[2]
  • 11 May 1940: German merchant raiderAtlantis entered the Indian Ocean from the South Atlantic.[3]
  • 7 June 1940: Italian warships began minelaying off Massawa andAssab.[4]
  • 10 June 1940: Eight Italian submarines began war patrols of the Indian Ocean from Massawa.[5] Some of these submarines were lost because leakage ofchloromethaneair conditioning refrigerants causedcentral nervous system poisoning of their crews from recirculating air during submerged operations.[6]
  • 10 June 1940:Atlantis captured the freighterTirranna in the Central Indian Ocean.[3]
  • 16 June 1940: Italian submarineGalileo Galilei sank the tankerJames Stove.[5]
  • 19 June 1940:Galileo Galilei was captured by the Britishnaval trawlerMoonstone.[5]
  • 23 June 1940: Italian submarineTorricelli sankHMS Khartoum before being sunk by accompanying destroyers.[5]
  • 24 June 1940: Italian submarineGalvani sank the sloop HMISPathan before being sunk by the sloopHMS Falmouth.[5]
  • 11 July 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterCity of Bagdad south of India.[3]
  • 13 July 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterKemmendine south of India.[3]
  • 2 August 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterTallyrand in the central Indian Ocean.[3]
  • 17 August 1940: Royal Navy and Royal Australian Navy cruisers and destroyers covered the withdrawal of British troops fromBritish Somaliland toAden.[7]
  • 24 August 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterKing City in the Central Indian Ocean.[3]
  • 26 August 1940: German merchant raiderPinguin sank the tankerFilefjell south ofMadagascar.[8]
  • 27 August 1940:Pinguin sank the tankerBritish Commander and the freighterMorviken south of Madagascar.[8]
  • 6 September 1940: Italian submarineGuglielmotti sank the tankerAtlas in the Red Sea.[9]
  • 9 September 1940:Atlantis sank the tankerAthelking in the central Indian Ocean.[3]
  • 10 September 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterBenarty in the central Indian Ocean.[3]
  • 12 September 1940:Pinguin sank the freighterBenavon east of Madagascar.[8]
  • 16 September 1940:Pinguin captured the freighterNordvard in the central Indian Ocean.[8]
  • 20 September 1940:Atlantis sank the linerCommissaire Ramel west ofSumatra.[3]
  • 7 October 1940:Pinguin captured the tankerStorstad south ofJava.[8]
  • 21 October 1940:Italian destroyer Francesco Nullo was sunk during the battle ofMumbai toSuez Canal convoy BN 7.[10]
  • 22 October 1940:Atlantis captured the freighterDurmitor west of Sumatra.[3]
  • 9 November 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterTeddy west of Sumatra.[3]
  • 10 November 1940:Atlantis captured the tankerOle Jacob west of Sumatra.[3]
  • 11 November 1940:Atlantis sank the freighterAutomedon west of Sumatra.[3]
  • 18 November 1940:HMS Dorsetshire shelledItalian Somaliland.[11]
  • 18 November 1940:Pinguin sank the freighterNowshera west ofAustralia.[8]
  • 20 November 1940:Pinguin sank the freighterMaioma west of Australia.[8]
  • 21 November 1940:Pinguin sank the freighterPort Brisbane west of Australia.[8]
  • 30 November 1940:Pinguin sank the freighterPort Wellington in the central Indian Ocean.[8]

1941

[edit]

Early focus wasAllied neutralisation and capture ofRegia Marina African naval bases, followed by invasions ofIraq in April andIran in August, to displace governments friendly to theAxis powers. Later Allied focus was on destruction ofKriegsmarine commerce raiders and moving troops to defend against anticipated Japanese expansion into south-east Asia.

1942

[edit]

Japanesesubmarine cruisers began patrolling the Indian Ocean during theDutch East Indies campaign. Following theattack on Pearl Harbor, theKido Butai fast carrier task force raidedDarwin, Australia to cover the invasion ofTimor and raidedCeylon to cover transport of Japanese troops toRangoon.Kriegsmarinemerchant raiders were less able to avoidAllied patrols; but thebattle of the Atlantic spilled over into the Indian Ocean aroundCape Agulhas asGerman Type IX submarines began patrolling the east coast of Africa.

  • 4 January 1942:Japanese submarine I-56 sank the freighterKwangtung south ofJava.[30]
  • 8 January 1942:I-56 sank the linersVan Rees andVan Riebeek south of Java.[30]
  • 11 January 1942: Japanese submarineI-66 sank the freighterLiberty south of Java.[30]
  • 14 January 1942:Japanese submarine I-65 sank the freighterJalarajan west ofSumatra.[30]
  • 17 January 1942:HMS Jupiter sank theJapanese submarine I-60 in theSunda Strait.[31]
  • 19 January 1942: Japanese aircraft sank the linerVan Imhoff west of Sumatra.[30]
  • 20 January 1942:USS Edsall and Australian minesweepers sank theJapanese submarine I-124 off Darwin.[32]Japanese submarine I-159 sank the freighterEidsvold offChristmas Island.[30]
  • 21 January 1942:I-66 sank the freighterNord off Rangoon.[30]
  • 22 January 1942: Japanese submarineI-64 sank the linerVan Overstraten west of Sumatra.[30]
  • 27 January 1942:HMS Indomitable flew off 48Hawker Hurricanes for the defence of Java.[32]
  • 30 January 1942:I-64 sank the freightersFlorence Luckenbach,[33]Jalapalaka andJalatarang in theBay of Bengal.[30]
  • 15 February 1942:I-65 sank the freighterJohanne Justesen off Ceylon.[30]
  • 16 February 1942: An Allied troop convoy from Darwin to Timor was turned back by Japanese air attack.[34]
  • 19 February 1942: Japanese invasion ofBali.Bombing of Darwin by theKido Butai sankUSS Peary, the tankerBritish Motorist, the freighterMauna Loa, and linersNeptuna andZealandia.[34]
  • 20 February 1942: Japanese invasion of Timor.[34]I-65 sank the freighterBhima in theArabian Sea.[30]
  • 25 February 1942:Japanese submarine I-58 sank the freighterBoero south of Java.[30]
  • 27 February 1942: Japanese aircraft sankUSS Langley offTjilatjap.[35]
  • 28 February 1942:Japanese submarine I-53 sank the freighterCity of Manchester west of Sumatra,[36] andI-4 sank the freighterBan Ho Guan south of Java.[30]
  • 1 March 1942: Japanese battleshipsHiei andKirishima sank USSEdsall,USS Pecos and the freighterTomohon, and Japanese cruiserAshigara sankUSS Pillsbury south of Java.[37] Japanese submarineI-2 sank the freighterParigi,I-59 sank the linerRooseboom west of Sumatra, andJapanese submarine I-54 sank the freighterModjekerto south of Java.[30]
  • 2 March 1942: Japanese warships sank the freighterProminent off Tjilatjap, andHayashio captured the freighterSigli.[30]
  • 3 March 1942: Japanese warships sankUSS Asheville south of Java,[37] Japanese submarineI-1 sank the freighterSiantar off Tjilatjap, and Japanese aircraft sank the linerKoolama in theTimor Sea.[30]
  • 4 March 1942: Japanese warships sankHMS Stronghold,HMAS Yarra and the tankerFrancol south of Java.[37] Japanese submarineI-62 sank the freighterMerkus off Tjilatjap, andI-7 sank the linerLe Maire.[30]
  • 5 March 1942:Kido Butai aircraft sank the freightersManipi,Tohiti,Rokan,Kidoel,Poelau Bras andDayak raiding Tjilatjap.Poelau Bras lifeboats attacked.[38]
  • 7 March 1942: Allied naval forces covered the withdrawal of Allied troops from Rangoon.[39] Japanese battleshipsKongo andHaruna sank the freighterWoolgar while shelling Christmas Island.[40]
  • 8 March 1942: Japanese troops captured Rangoon.[39]
  • 9 March 1942: Japanese troops captured Java.[38]
  • 11 March 1942: Japanese submarineI-2 sank the freighterChilka west of Sumatra.[30]
  • 12 March 1942: Japanese invasion ofMedan[41]
  • 13 March 1942: Japanese submarineI-64 sank the freighterMabella in the Arabian Sea.[30]
  • 23 March 1942: Japaninvaded and captured theAndaman and Nicobar Islands as Operation D.[42]
  • 25 March 1942: A troop convoy delivered the56th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) to Rangoon as Operation U.[43]
  • 26 March 1942:Kido Butai sailed from the Netherlands East Indies forOperation C.[44]
  • 31 March 1942: Operation X Japanese invasion andbattle of Christmas Island.[45]
  • 1 April 1942:USS Seawolf torpedoedNaka off Christmas Island.HMS Truant sankYae Maur andShunsei Maru in theStrait of Malacca.[46]
  • 5 April 1942: Japanese carrier planes sankHMS Cornwall andHMS Dorsetshire in anEaster Sunday Raid.[47]
  • 6 April 1942: Japanese cruisers sank the linerDardanus and freightersSilksworth,Autolycus,Malda,Shinkuang,Gandara,Indora,Bienville,Selma City,Ganges,Banjoewangi,Batavia,Taksang,Sinkiang,Exmoor andVan der Capellen in the Bay of Bengal during Operation C. Japanese submarineI-5 sank the freighterWashingtonian.[48] Japanese aircraft sankHMIS Indus offSittwe.[49]
  • 7 April 1942: A troop convoy delivered the18th Division (Imperial Japanese Army) to Rangoon as Operation U.[48]
  • 9 April 1942: Japanese carrier planes sankHMS Hermes,HMAS Vampire,HMS Hollyhock and auxiliariesAthelstane andBritish Sergeant offTrincomalee.[48]
  • 5 May 1942: Britishinvasion ofDiego Suarez.[50]
  • 8 May 1942: Ceylonese soldiersmutinied on theCocos Islands.
  • 10 May 1942: German commerce raiderThor captured the linerNanking west of Australia.[51]
  • 31 May 1942: Japanesemidget submarines torpedoedHMS Ramillies and the tankerBritish Loyalty at Diego Suarez.[52]
  • 2 June 1942:Kofuku Maru was mined off Rangoon.[53]
  • 6 June 1942:Japanese submarine I-10 sank theLiberty shipMelvin H. Baker.[54]
  • 16 June 1942:Thor sank the tankerOlivia west of Australia.[51]
  • 19 June 1942:Thor captured the tankerHerborg west of Australia.[51]
  • 30 June 1942:I-10 sank the freighterExpress.[55]
  • 4 July 1942:Thor captured the freighterMadrono west of Australia.[51]
  • 20 July 1942:Thor sank the freighterIndus west of Australia.[51]
  • 1 August 1942:Operation Stab begins, a diversion attempt by the British Eastern Fleet.
  • 10 September 1942:Madagascar surrendered to British forces.[52]
  • 22 September 1942:Japanese submarine I-29 sank the freighterPaul Luckenbach.[56]
  • 24 September 1942:Japanese submarine I-165 sank the freighterLosmar.[57]
  • 17 October 1942:U-504 sank the freighterEmpire Chaucer south of South Africa.[58]
  • 23 October 1942:U-504 sank the freighterSS City of Johannesburg east of South Africa.[58]
  • 26 October 1942:U-504 destroyed theLiberty ShipSS Anne Hutchinson east of South Africa.[59]
  • 29 October 1942:U-159 sank the freightersRoss andLaplace south of South Africa.[58]
  • 31 October 1942:U-504 sank the freightersReynolds andEmpire Guidon east of South Africa.[58]
  • 1 November 1942:U-178 sank the troopshipMendoza east of South Africa.[58]
  • 3 November 1942:U-504 sank the freighterPorto Alegre south of South Africa.[58]
  • 4 November 1942:U-178 sank the freightersHai Hing andTrekieve east of South Africa.[58]
  • 7 November 1942:U-159 sank the freighterLa Salle south of South Africa.[58]
  • 8 November 1942:U-181 sank the freighterPlaudit south of South Africa.[58]
  • 9 November 1942: Italian submarineLeonardo da Vinci sank the Liberty ShipMarcus Whitman.[60]
  • 10 November 1942:U-181 sank the freighterK.G. Meldahl south of South Africa.[58]
  • 11 November 1942: Japanese merchant raiderHōkoku Maru wassunk by the tankerOndina and its escortHMIS Bengal.[61]
  • 13 November 1942:U-178 sank the freighterLouise Moller,[58] andU-181 sank the freighterExcello east of South Africa.[62]
  • 19 November 1942:U-177 sank the freighterScottish Chief, andU-181 sank the freighterGunda east of South Africa.[58]
  • 20 November 1942:U-177 sank the Liberty shipPierce Butler,[63] andU-181 sank the freighterCorinthiakos east of South Africa.[58]
  • 21 November 1942:U-181 sank the freighterAlcoa Pathfinder east of South Africa.[63]
  • 24 November 1942:U-181 sank the freightersMount Helmos andDorington Court east of South Africa.[58]
  • 26 November 1942: German blockade runnerRamses scuttled when stopped by escorts of convoy OW 1.[64]
  • 27 November 1942:U-178 sank the Liberty shipJeremiah Wadsworth south of South Africa.[58]
  • 28 November 1942:U-177 sank the troopshipNova Scotia drowning 750, andU-181 sank the freighterEvanthia east of South Africa.[58]
  • 30 November 1942: German commerce raiderMichel sank the freighterSawokla,[65]U-177 sank the troopshipLlandaff Castle east of South Africa, andU-181 sank the freighterCleanthis in theMozambique Channel.[58]
  • 1 December 1942:HMAS Armidale was sunk by Japanese aircraft while evacuating personnel from Timor.[64]
  • 2 December 1942:U-181 sank the freighterAmarylis east of South Africa.[58]
  • 7 December 1942:Michel sank the freighterEugenie Livonos east of South Africa,[65] andU-177 sank the freighterSaronikos in the Mozambique Channel.[58]
  • 12 December 1942:U-177 sank the freighterRFA Empire Gull east of South Africa.[58]
  • 14 December 1942:U-177 sank the freighterSawahloento east of South Africa.[58]

1943

[edit]

Axis submarine patrols of Indian Ocean trade routes were expanded with establishment of aKriegsmarine base inPenang asAllied anti-submarine patrols became increasingly effective in the Atlantic. Allied submarines and aircraft began patrolling theStrait of Malacca andAndaman Sea to intercept shipping supporting Japanese forces inBurma.

  • 10 January 1943:HMAS Arunta evacuated 313 troops and civilians fromTimor.[66]
  • 15 January 1943: Five-hundred Alliedprisoners of war drowned whenTenth Air ForceB-24 Liberators sank theNichimei Maru in the Andaman Sea.[67]
  • 11 February 1943:U-516 sank the freighterHelmsprey east of South Africa.[68]
  • 17 February 1943:U-182 sank the freighterLlanashe andU-516 sank the freighterDeer Lodge east of South Africa.[68]
  • 18 February 1943: Convoy Prophet returned 30,000 soldiers of theAustralian 9th Division from Africa to Australia.[69]
  • 26 February 1943:Kyo Maru No. 3 was mined offRangoon.[70]
  • 27 February 1943: Tenth Air Force B-24s sankAsakasan Maru in the Andaman Sea.[70]U-516 sank the Dutchsubmarine tenderColumbia east of South Africa.[68]
  • 3 March 1943:U-160 sank theLiberty shipHarvey W. Scott[71] and the freighterNipura east of South Africa.[68]
  • 4 March 1943:U-160 sank the freightersMarietta andEmpire Mahseer east of South Africa.[68]
  • 7 March 1943:U-506 sank the freighterSabor east of South Africa.[68]
  • 8 March 1943:U-160 sank the Liberty shipJames B. Stephens east of South Africa.[72]
  • 9 March 1943: Interned German freightersDrachenfels,Ehrenfels andBraunfels were scuttled atGoa.[73]U-506 sank the Norwegian freighterTabor south of South Africa.[68]
  • 11 March 1943:U-160 sank the freighterAelbryn,[68] andU-182 sank theLiberty shipRichard D. Spaight east of South Africa.[74]
  • 13 March 1943:Dutch submarine O-21 sankKasuga Maru No. 2.[74]
  • 20 March 1943:Japanese submarine I-27 sank the freighterFort Mumford off India.[68]
  • 5 April 1943:U-182 sank the freighterAloe east of South Africa.[68]
  • 18 April 1943:U-180 sank the tankerCorbis east of South Africa.[68]
  • 21 April 1943: Italian submarineLeonardo da Vinci sank the Liberty ShipJohn Drayton.[75]
  • 11 May 1943:U-181 sank the freighterTinhow, andU-196 sank the freighterNailsea Meadow east of South Africa.[76]
  • 17 May 1943:U-198 sank the freighterNorthmoor east of South Africa.[76]
  • 27 May 1943:U-181 sank the freighterSicilia in theMozambique Channel.[76]
  • 29 May 1943:U-198 sank the freighterHopetarn east of South Africa.[76]
  • 1 June 1943:U-178 sank the freighterSalabangka east of South Africa.[76]
  • 3 June 1943:I-27 sank the freighterMontanan.[77]
  • 5 June 1943:U-198 sank the freighterDumra east of South Africa.[76]
  • 6 June 1943:U-198 sank the Liberty shipWilliam King east of South Africa.[77]
  • 7 June 1943:U-181 sank the freighterHarrier east of South Africa.[76]
  • 19 June 1943:Japanese submarine I-37 sank the Liberty shipHenry Knox.[78]
  • 27 June 1943:U-511 sank the Liberty ShipSebastian Cermeno south ofMadagascar.[78]
  • 2 July 1943:U-181 sank the linerHoihow east of Madagascar.[76]
  • 4 July 1943:U-178 sank the freightersBreiviken andMichael Livanos in the Mozambique Channel.[76]
  • 5 July 1943:I-27 damaged the freighterAlcoa Prospector.[79]
  • 6 July 1943:U-177 sank the freighterSS Jasper Park, andU-198 sank the freighterHydraios east of South Africa.[76]
  • 7 July 1943:U-198 sank the freighterLeana in the Mozambique Channel.[76]
  • 9 July 1943:U-511 sank the Liberty ShipSamuel Heintzelman in the central Indian Ocean.[80]
  • 10 July 1943:U-177 sank the Liberty ShipAlice F. Palmer south of Madagascar.[80]
  • 11 July 1943:U-178 sank the freighterMary Livanos in the Mozambique Channel.[76]
  • 14 July 1943:U-178 sank the Liberty shipRobert Bacon in the Mozambique Channel.[81]
  • 15 July 1943:U-181 sank the freighterEmpire Lake east of Madagascar.[76]
  • 16 July 1943:U-181 sank the freighterFort Franklin east of Madagascar.[76]
  • 17 July 1943:U-178 sank the freighterCity of Canton in the Mozambique Channel.[76]
  • 24 July 1943:U-197 sank the tankerPegasus east of South Africa.[76]
  • 28 July 1943: Tenth Air Force B-24s sankTamishima Maru in the Andaman Sea.[82]
  • 29 July 1943:U-178 sank the freighterCornish City east of South Africa.[76]
  • 1 August 1943:U-198 sank the freighterMangkalihat east of South Africa.[76]
  • 3 August 1943:U-196 sank the freighterCity of Oran in the Mozambique Channel.[76]
  • 4 August 1943:U-181 sank the freighterDalfram east of Madagascar.[76]
  • 5 August 1943:U-178 sank the freighterEfthalia Mari east of Madagascar.[76]
  • 7 August 1943:U-181 sank the freighterUmvuma east of Madagascar.[76]
  • 12 August 1943:U-181 sank the freighterClan Macarthur south of Madagascar.[76]
  • 17 August 1943:U-197 sank the freighterEmpire Stanley south of Madagascar.[76]
  • 20 August 1943:U-197 was sunk east of South Africa byNo. 259 Squadron RAF andNo. 265 Squadron RAFConsolidated PBY Catalinas.[76]
  • 23 August 1943: Tenth Air Force B-24s sankHeito Maru in the Andaman Sea.[83]
  • 27 August 1943: German U-boat base established at Penang.[84]
  • 19 September 1943:U-532 sank the freighterFort Longueuil east of Madagascar.[85]
  • 20 September 1943:Monsun Gruppe submarineAmmiraglio Cagni surrendered atDurban after the Italian armistice.[84]
  • 21 September 1943:U-188 sank the Liberty shipCornelia P. Spencer north of Madagascar.[86]
  • 24 September 1943:Japanese submarine I-10 sank the Liberty shipElias Howe.[87]
  • 29 September 1943:U-532 sank the freighterBanffshire in theArabian Sea.[85]
  • 1 October 1943:U-532 sank the freighterTahsinia in the Arabian Sea.[85]
  • 2 October 1943:U-168 sank the freighterHaiching in the Arabian Sea.[85]
  • 11 October 1943:U-532 sank the freighterJalabala in the Arabian Sea.[85]
  • 16 October 1943:No. 244 Squadron RAFBristol Blenheims sankU-533 in thePersian Gulf.[66]
  • 13 November 1943:HMS TaurussankJapanese submarine I-34 in the Strait of Malacca.[88]
  • 3 December 1943: Allied aircraft sank the steamerAssam near Rangoon.[89]
  • 5 December 1943: Japanese aircraft bombedCalcutta harbour.[89]
  • 7 December 1943:Operation Ratchet Allied at Regu Creek, Burma.[89]
  • 27 December 1943:U-178 sank the Liberty shipJosé Navarro in the Arabian Sea.[90]
  • 28 December 1943:Japanese submarine I-26 sank the Liberty shipRobert F. Hoke.[90]

1944

[edit]

Use ofUltra intelligence information increased successful interceptions byAllied submarines and reducedAxis resupply opportunities in the Indian Ocean. Surrender of theRegia Marina and destruction ofKriegsmarinebattleships made Royal Navy aircraft carriers available for raids of theAndaman Sea.

1945

[edit]

Allied focus was on amphibious operations along theBurma coast of theAndaman Sea.Axis submarine operations were restricted by fuel shortage and maintenance difficulties.

List of sub-theatres and actions

[edit]
Australia
Britain
France
Germany
Japan

Sources

[edit]
  • Black, Jeremy (2009)."Midway and the Indian Ocean".Naval War College Review.62 (4).[dead link]
  • Blair, Clay (1998).Hitler's U-Boat War:The Hunted 1942–1945. New York: Random House.ISBN 0-679-45742-9.
  • Brice, Martin (1981).Axis Blockade Runners of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 0-87021-908-1.
  • Brown, David (1977).Aircraft Carriers. New York: Arco Publishing Company.ISBN 0-668-04164-1.
  • Brown, David (1990).Warship Losses of World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-914-X.
  • Cressman, Robert J. (2000).The Official Chronology of the U.S. Navy in World War II. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-149-1.
  • Dull, Paul S. (1978).A Battle History of the Imperial Japanese Navy (1941–1945). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.
  • Heine, Paul; Royal, John; Sileo, Thomas; Soubermann, Eugene; Visser, H. (2015). "Question 11/51: British Commando Raid on Portuguese Goa".Warship International.LII (2):114–116.ISSN 0043-0374.
  • Kemp, P.K. (1957).Victory at Sea 1939–1945. London: Frederick Muller Ltd.
  • Muggenthaler, August Karl (1977).German Raiders of World War II. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.ISBN 0-13-354027-8.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hummelchen, Gerhard (1992).Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN 1-55750-105-X.

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.6
  2. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.14
  3. ^abcdefghijklmnopMuggenthaler, p.115
  4. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.22
  5. ^abcdeRohwer & Hummelchen, p.23
  6. ^"Regia Marina Italiana". Cristiano D'Adamo. Retrieved31 July 2012.
  7. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, pp. 30–31
  8. ^abcdefghijklMuggenthaler, p.165
  9. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.33
  10. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.39
  11. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.42
  12. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.50
  13. ^Muggenthaler, p.98
  14. ^abcdefghiRohwer & Hummelchen, p.51
  15. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.53
  16. ^abcRohwer & Hummelchen, p.55
  17. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.57
  18. ^Muggenthaler, p.101
  19. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, pp.58 & 59
  20. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.62
  21. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.67
  22. ^abMuggenthaler, p.189
  23. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.91
  24. ^Cressman, pp.50 & 51
  25. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.99
  26. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.102
  27. ^Rohwer & Hummelchen, p.111
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