TheImplementation Force (IFOR) was aNATO-led multinationalpeace enforcement force inBosnia and Herzegovina under a one-year mandate from 20 December 1995 to 20 December 1996 under the codenameOperation Joint Endeavour.
U.S. Army vehicles with IFOR crossing theSava using apontoon bridge. The Brčko Bridge, seen at the right, wasdestroyed in 1992 and was still being reconstructed byU.S. Army engineers when this photo was taken in 1996.
In 1995, NATO was tasked by theUnited Nations (UN) to carry out the provision of theDayton Peace Accords ending theBosnian War. The Dayton Peace Accords were started on 22 November 1995 by the presidents of Bosnia,Croatia, andSerbia, on behalf of Serbia and theBosnian Serb Republic. The actual signing happened inParis on 14 December 1995. The peace accords contained a General Framework Agreement and eleven supporting annexes with maps. The accords had three major goals: ending of hostilities, authorization of military and civilian program going into effect, and the establishment of a central Bosnian government while excluding individuals who are serving sentences or under indictment by theInternational War Crimes Tribunals from taking part in the running of the government. IFOR's specific role was to implement the military Annexes ofThe General Framework Agreement for Peace (GFAP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[1]
IFOR relieved the UN peacekeeping forceUNPROFOR, which had originally arrived in 1992, and the transfer of authority was discussed inSecurity Council Resolution 1031. Almost 60,000 NATO soldiers in addition to forces from non-NATO nations were deployed to Bosnia. Operation Decisive Endeavor (SACEUR OPLAN 40105), beginning 6 December 1995, was a subcomponent of Joint Endeavor.[2] IFOR began operations on 20 December 1995.[3]
U.S. Secretary of DefenseWilliam Perry and his Russian counterpart,Pavel Grachev agreed on 8 October that the peacekeeping operation name will be Implementation Force of the Peace Agreement on Bosnia-Herzegovina, that is without reference to NATO; other differences were unresolved at that time (chain of command, area of command and control).[5] On 27 October they agreed that "the Russian unit will not be part of the NATO peacekeeping force, but will perform special engineering, transport and construction activites [sic]".[6]
AdmiralLeighton W. Smith Jr., Commander in ChiefAllied Forces Southern Europe (CINCSOUTH), served as the first Joint Force Commander for the operation, also known as Commander IFOR (COMIFOR). He commanded the operation from IFOR's deployment on 20 December 1995 from headquarters inZagreb, and later from March 1996 from the Residency inSarajevo.[7] AdmiralThomas J. Lopez commanded the operation from 31 July to 7 November 1996, followed by GeneralWilliam W. Crouch until 20 December 1996.[3] Lt GenMichael Walker, CommanderAllied Rapid Reaction Corps (ARRC), acted as Land Component Commander for the operation, commanding from HQ ARRC (Forward) based initially inKiseljak, and from late January 1996 from HQ ARRC (Main) inIlidža. This was NATO's first ever out-of-area land deployment. The Land Component's part of the operation was known as Operation Firm Endeavour.[8]
At its height, IFOR involved troops from 32 countries and numbered some 54,000 soldiers in-country (BiH) and around 80,000 involved soldiers in total (with support and reserve troops stationed inCroatia,Hungary,Germany, andItaly and also on ships in theAdriatic Sea). In the initial phases of the operation, much of the initial composition of IFOR consisted of units which had been part of UNPROFOR but remained in place and simply replaced their United Nations insignia with IFOR insignia.[citation needed]
Map of the International Sectors under the Peace Agreement.
NATO member states that contributed forces included Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Non-NATO nations that contributed forces included; Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, the Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malaysia, Morocco, New Zealand, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Sweden, Russia, and Ukraine.[9]
The tasks of the Land Component were carried out by three Multi National Divisions:[10]
On 20 December 1996, the task of IFOR was taken over bySFOR.[38] In turn, SFOR was replaced by the EuropeanEUFOR Althea force in 2004.[39]
NATO began to create service medals once it began to support peacekeeping in the former Yugoslavia, which led to the award to IFOR troops of theNATO Medal.[40]
Lambert, Nicholas (2002).Measuring the Success of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) Operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1995 – 2000. Issue 140/2, pp. 459–481. European Journal of Operations Research, Special 2000 Edition.doi:10.1016/S0377-2217(02)00083-8.
NATO
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