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| Clinical data | |
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| Trade names | Imbruvica, others |
| Other names | PCI-32765, CRA-032765 |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| MedlinePlus | a614007 |
| License data | |
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| Routes of administration | By mouth |
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| Pharmacokinetic data | |
| Protein binding | 97.3% |
| Metabolism | Hepatic (CYP3A &CYP2D6) |
| Eliminationhalf-life | 4–6 hours |
| Excretion | Feces (80%), urine (10%) |
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| DrugBank | |
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| ChEMBL | |
| PDB ligand | |
| CompTox Dashboard(EPA) | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.232.543 |
| Chemical and physical data | |
| Formula | C25H24N6O2 |
| Molar mass | 440.507 g·mol−1 |
| 3D model (JSmol) | |
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Ibrutinib, sold under the brand nameImbruvica among others, is asmall molecule drug that inhibits B-cell proliferation and survival byirreversibly binding the proteinBruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Blocking BTK inhibits theB-cell receptor pathway, which is often aberrantly active inB cell cancers. Ibrutinib is therefore used to treat such cancers, includingmantle cell lymphoma,chronic lymphocytic leukemia, andWaldenström's macroglobulinemia.[6][7] Ibrutinib also binds to C-terminal Src Kinases, which are off-target receptors for the BTK inhibitor. This binding inhibits the kinase from promoting cell differentiation and growth. Ibrutinib binds to these receptors and inhibits the kinase from promoting cell differentiation and growth. This leads to many different side effects like left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrillation during the treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.[8]
It is on theWorld Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[9]
Ibrutinib isindicated for the treatment of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), marginal zone lymphoma (MZL), and chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD).[5][6][7][10][11][12][13][14]
Very common (>10% frequency) adverse effects includepneumonia,upper respiratory tract infection,sinusitis, skin infection,low neutrophil count,low platelet counts, headache, bleeding, bruising, diarrhea, vomiting,inflammation of mouth and lips, nausea, constipation, rash,joint pain, muscle spasms, musculoskeletal pain, fever, andedema.[5]
Common (1–10% frequency) adverse effects includesepsis,urinary tract infection, non-melanoma skin cancer (basal-cell carcinoma,squamous cell carcinoma),low leukocyte count,low lymphocyte count,interstitial lung disease,tumor lysis syndrome,[15]high uric acid levels,dizziness, blurred vision,atrial fibrillation,subdural hematoma, nosebleeds,small bruises from broken blood vessels,high blood pressure,hives, and skin redness or blushing.[5]
Ibrutinib oral bioavailability is 3.9% in a fasting state, 8.4% in a fed state, and 15.9% after consumption ofgrapefruit juice.[16]
Ibrutinib is a potent, irreversible inhibitor of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK). Theacrylamide group of ibrutinib forms a covalent bond with the cysteine residue C481 in the BTK active site, leading to sustained inhibition of BTK enzymatic activity. BTK is an important signalling molecule of the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) pathway, which plays a role in the pathogenesis of several B-cell malignancies including mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Preclinical studies have shown that ibrutinib inhibits malignant B-cell proliferation and survival in vivo, and cell migration and substrate adhesion in vitro.[7]
In early clinical studies, the activity of ibrutinib has been described to include a rapid reduction inlymphadenopathy accompanied by a transientlymphocytosis, suggesting that the drug might have direct effects on cell homing or migration to factors in tissue microenvironments.[17]
In preclinical studies on chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, ibrutinib has been reported to promote apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, and also prevent CLL cells from responding to survival stimuli provided by the microenvironment.[18] This also leads to a reduction ofMCL1 levels (anti-apoptotic protein) in malignant B cells.[18] Treatment of activated CLL cells with ibrutinib resulted in inhibition of BTK tyrosine phosphorylation and also effectively abrogated downstream survival pathways activated by this kinase includingERK1/2,PI3K, andNF-κB. Additionally, ibrutinib inhibited proliferation of CLL cells in vitro, effectively blocking survival signals provided externally to CLL cells from the microenvironment including soluble factors (BAFF,IL-6,IL-4, andTNF-α),fibronectin engagement and stromal cell contact.
Ibrutinib has also been reported to reduce chronic lymphocytic leukemia cellchemotaxis towards thechemokinesCXCL12 andCXCL13, and inhibit cellular adhesion following stimulation at theB-cell receptor (BCR).[19][20] Additionally, ibrutinib down-modulates the expression of CD20 (target ofrituximab/ofatumumab) by targeting theCXCR4/SDF1 axis.[18]Together, these data are consistent with a mechanistic model whereby ibrutinib blocks BCR signaling, which drives cells intoapoptosis and/or disrupts cell migration and adherence to protective tumour microenvironments.
Ibrutinib was created by scientists at Celera Genomics as a tool compound for studying BTK function; it covalently binds its target — a feature ideal for a reagent, though generally not preferred in drug design.[21]
In 2006, in the course of acquiring an HDAC-focused program from Celera after its own initial discovery program had failed,Pharmacyclics also picked up Celera's small molecule BTK inhibitor discovery program for $2M in cash and $1M in stock and named the tool compound PCI-32765.[21][22] In 2011 after the drug had completed Phase II trials,Johnson & Johnson and Pharmacyclics agreed to co-develop the drug, and J&J paid Pharmacyclics $150 million upfront and $825 million in milestones.[23] Pharmacyclics was acquired byAbbVie in May 2015, and Abbvie projected global sales of US$1 billion in 2016 and $5 billion in 2020.[24]
It was approved by the USFood and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2013, for the treatment ofmantle cell lymphoma.[10] In February 2014, the FDA expanded the approved use of ibrutinib to chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[25][26] It was approved forWaldenström's macroglobulinemia in 2015.[11][27]
In March 2015, Pharmacyclics andAbbVie agreed that Abbvie would acquire Pharmacyclics for $21 billion;[28] the deal was completed that May.[29]
In March 2016, a new indication for ibrutinib was approved in the United States for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL).[30]
In May 2016, a new indication for ibrutinib was approved in the United States for chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).[31]
In January 2017, a new indication for ibrutinib was approved in the United States for the treatment of adults with relapsed/refractory (R/R) marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) who require systemic therapy and have received at least one prior anti-CD20-based therapy.[32]
In August 2017, the FDA approved a new indication for ibrutinib to treatgraft-versus-host disease. It was the first FDA-approved treatment for graft-versus-host disease.[12][13][33]
In February 2018, a tablet formulation of ibrutinib was approved for use in the United States.[34]
In August 2018, ibrutinib in combination with rituximab was approved in the United States for the treatment of adults with Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM), a rare and incurable type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL).[35]
In January 2019, ibrutinib in combination withobinutuzumab was approved for the treatment of adults with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL).[36]
In April 2020, the FDA expanded the indication of ibrutinib to include its combination withrituximab for the initial treatment of adults with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL).[37] Approval was based on the E1912 trial (NCT02048813), a 2:1 randomized, multicenter, open-label, actively controlled trial of ibrutinib with rituximab compared to fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) in 529 adult subjects 70 years or younger with previously untreated CLL or SLL requiring systemic therapy.[37]
Janssen Pharmaceutica andPharmacyclics introduced a new single dose tablet formulation with a flat pricing structure in the first half of 2018 and discontinued the capsule formulation. This caused an outcry as it was perceived to triple the cost of the drug to the average patient.[38]
Janssen Pharmaceutica and Pharmacyclics have since reversed the decision to discontinue the capsule formulation with the drug currently available in both capsule and tablet forms.[39]
Ibrutinib was added to the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in 2018.[40]
Generic ibrutinib was added to the Indian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme in 2020.[41]
Imbruvica was named in 2023 as one of the first 10 drugs to be subjected toMedicare price negotiations under theInflation Reduction Act.[42]
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