PGC 41882, GSC 01446-00639,2MASX J12345592+1533561, VCC 1593, Z 99-95,NVSS B123244+155026, ALFALFA 1-358, AGC 220811,SDSS J123455.90+153356.2, FAUST 3256, [HB91] 1232+158,LEDA 41882
IC 3528 isspiral galaxy located 660 millionlight-years[1] away in the constellation ofComa Berenices.[2] It lies near to another spiral galaxyNGC 4540, although the two of them are quite far.[3][4] The object was discovered byRoyal Harwood Frost on May 7, 1904.[5] Although listed as a member in the Virgo Cluster Catalogue[6] as VCC 1593, it is not a member of theVirgo cluster but a background galaxy.[7]
IC 3528 is classified a narrow-lineSeyfert 1.5 type galaxy.[8][9] ContainingX-ray emission,[10] the galaxy shows strong evidence of non-gravitational outflowkinematics in its [O III] λ5007 emission feature.[11] In addition, IC 4528 contains broademission lines withwidths measuring HβFWHM ≤ 2000 km s−1 and is a type-1active galactic nucleus (AGN) hosted inside a lower-luminosity galaxy that is found having a higher incidence of pseudo-bulges, withbarred morphology, and considered less disturbed. This suggests narrow-line Type 1 AGNs like in the case of IC 3528, experiences a more quiescentevolutionary history that is driven primarily by internal secular evolution rather than external dynamicalperturbations.[12]
IC 3528 has an estimatedstar formation rate of ≳6 M⊙ yr−1[13] It is a dustystarburst galaxy exhibiting a strongHδ line in absorption and modest [O II] emission, whom researchers found the galaxy is affected byreddening. Based on star formation rates derived from the FIR luminosities with the estimates based on theHα line, they found the values obtained from these opticalemission lines in IC 3528 are a factor of 10-70 (Hα) and 20-140 ([O II]) lower than the FIR estimates (50-300 Msolar yr−1).[14]
IC 3528 has a lowgas fraction and higheroxygen abundance, making a it gas-poor galaxy andmetal-rich, which demonstrates the idea that removal of gas from the outskirts of spirals increases the observed averagemetallicity by ~0.1 dex.[15]
SN 2001Z, aType II supernova was discovered in IC 3528[16][17] by astronomers Modjaz and Li, whom they saw it on an unfiltered image taken with KAIT on Mar. 3.5 UT. The supernova was located at R.A. = 12h34m55s.87, Decl. = +15o34'07".5 (equinox 2000.0), which was located 0".5 west and 11".2 north of the nucleus.[18] SN 2001Z was also captured by other astronomers named Phillips, Martin and Valladares who obtained its spectrum on Mar. 5.37 UT with theBaade telescope. They found the spectrum has a weak, relatively narrowH-alpha andH-beta emission lines on a strong, blue continuum and consistent with a type-II supernova caught at a very early epoch. The redshift of theemission lines is z = 0.045.[19]
Initially having an estimated range between 105.1- 1010.3 {M}⊙ with anEddington ratio varying from -3.3 to 1.3 inlogarithmic scale,[20] IC 3528 has a low-massblack hole (BH) of BH masses MBH ~ 106-108 M⊙, powered by accretion matter.[21] Similar to IC 750, the budge-mass and stellar mass is found to be (7.3 ± 2.7) × 108 M⊙ and 1.4 × 1010 M⊙ respectively, which the massupper limit of the BH decreases by two orders ofmagnitude below the MBH-σ* relation and roughly one order of magnitude below the MBH-MBulge and MBH-M* relations. This is found larger than the relations' intrinsic scatters of 0.58 ± 0.09 dex, 0.69 dex, and 0.65 ± 0.09 dex.[22]
