 Satellite photo of the Channel Islands in 2018 | |
Location of the Channel Islands | |
| Geography | |
| Location | Western Europe |
| Coordinates | 49°26′N2°19′W / 49.433°N 2.317°W /49.433; -2.317 |
| Adjacent to | English Channel |
| Total islands | 7 inhabited |
| Major islands | Jersey andGuernsey |
| Area | 198 km2 (76 sq mi) |
| Highest point | Les Platons |
| Administration | |
| Capital and largest settlement | Saint Peter Port,Guernsey |
| Area covered | 78 km2 (30 sq mi; 39.4%) |
| Capital and largest settlement | Saint Helier,Jersey |
| Area covered | 118 km2 (46 sq mi; 59.6%) |
| Demographics | |
| Demonym | Channel Islander |
| Population | 171,916[1][2] (2021) |
| Pop. density | 844.6/km2 (2187.5/sq mi) |
| Additional information | |
| Time zone | |
| • Summer (DST) | |
Guernsey's Jewish population has historically been much smaller than that of neighboringJersey, and there has never been asynagogue on the island.[3]
Guernsey (/ˈɡɜːrnzi/ ⓘ;Guernésiais:Guernési) is an island in theEnglish Channel off the coast ofNormandy. It lies roughly north ofSaint-Malo and to the west ofJersey and theCotentin Peninsula. With several smaller nearby islands, it forms a jurisdiction within theBailiwick of Guernsey, aBritish Crown dependency. The jurisdiction is made up often parishes on the island of Guernsey, three other inhabited islands (Herm,Jethou andLihou), and many small islets and rocks. The jurisdiction is not part of theUnited Kingdom, although defence and most foreign relations are handled by the British Government. The entire jurisdiction lies within theCommon Travel Area of theBritish Islands and theRepublic of Ireland, and although it is not a member of theEuropean Union, it does have a special relationship with it, being treated as part of the European Community with access to the single market for the purposes of the free trade in goods. Taken together with the separate jurisdictions ofAlderney andSark it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey. The two Bailiwicks of Guernsey andJersey together form the geographical grouping known as theChannel Islands.
A London Jew named Abraham was described[by whom?] in 1277 as being from "La Gelnseye" (Guernsey).[citation needed] A converted Portuguese Jew,Edward Brampton, was appointedGovernor of Guernsey in 1482.[4]
Enemy aliens, people born in a country with which Britain was at war, were restricted from entering Britain without a permit.[5]: 23 Accordingly, a few Jews became trapped in Guernsey when the islands were occupied. In addition, a few locals decided to remain in Guernsey rather than evacuate in June 1940.
During theoccupation of the Channel Islands byNazi Germany duringWorld War II, laws were imposed on the authorities that required registration. All non Guernsey and British foreigners (aliens) had already been required to register with the police, but the records did not mention their faith. An advertisement appeared in theJersey Evening Post on 21 October 1940 calling on all Jews to identify themselves:[6][7]
JEWS TO REGISTER
The Bailiff said he had received two Orders from the German authorities, the first relating to measures to be taken for the registration of Jews.
This was read by the Attorney-General, and on his conclusions was lodgedau Greffe and its promulgation ordered.
The Bailiff announced that he had entrusted the Chief Aliens Officer with the registration of Jews under the Order.
The Germans issued identity cards to everyone, which listed their nationality and faith. The First Order Against The Jews came two days later, on 23 October 1940, and this was the beginning of the adoption of the Nuremberg Race Laws in to the Channel Islands' legal systems. The Islands' bailiffs collaborated with the Germans. Only SirAbraham Lainé protested against the anti-Jewish laws.
The deportation of the Jews from the Channel Islands was done with the full collaboration of the bailiffs and the government authorities. According to the grandson of BailiffVictor Carey,Winston Churchill did not know whether to hang Carey or knight him. To hush up the level of collaboration, he was knighted, and the history of Guernsey's delivery of the Jews to the Nazis was concealed for decades.[8]
Jews identified in Guernsey and Sark
Marianne Grunfeld, born in Kattowitz,German Empire (now Katowice, Poland) in 1912[9] had studied horticulture at theUniversity of Reading before going to work on a farm in Guernsey. She was identified in April 1942 as Jewish.[10]: 104 [11]: 126
Therese Steiner, a Jewish Austrian, had come to the Islands from England and become trapped in the Islands by the invasion as she had been detained as an alien, amongst 30 enemy aliens who were arrested and detained in June 1940.[7][12] She did not have a UK visa, as required for immigrants from Germany and Austria (from 1938).[13] A qualified dental nurse, she was then employed as a nurse by the States of Guernsey, working at the Castel Hospital. After 18 months she went to the German authorities to ask to contact her parents.
The first group of three Jews were ordered to leave the Island in April 1942.[7] The three, Marianne Grunfeld, Auguste Spitz, and Therese Steiner, were first sent toSaint-Malo, where they took up local employment. Marianne Grunfeld was reported to be living inLaval, France,[11] until three months later, when they were rounded up in a mass deportation of French Jews. They were sent directly toAuschwitz,[7] where they all died.[14]
The second group of three, Elda Brouard, Elisabet Duquemin, and Janet Duquemin (18 months old), were sent with Henry Duquemin (husband of Elisabet) in February 1943. Henry was sent toOflag VII-C in Laufen, Germany, and the two women and baby initially went to a prison inCompiègne and then, after six months, to Ilag V-B inBiberach an der Riss. Both of the camps in Laufen and Biberach were civilian camps containing many Channel Island civilians.[15]
Annie Wranowsky lived on Sark throughout the war, working as a German language teacher.[16]
Miriam Jay lived in Guernsey throughout the war, without being identified.[citation needed]
Sir Geoffrey Rowland, theBailiff of Guernsey from 2005 to 2012, has stated that the government of Guernsey was powerless to stop the deportations, due to the large number of German soldiers on the island.[14]
There are still some Jews living in Guernsey today, some of whom attend the congregation in Jersey.[17] The present-day Channel Islands community, consisting of some 60 Jews was founded in 1962.[18]