Since 1984, six complete bone flutes, as well as the fragments of at least thirty more,[1] have been excavated from several earlyNeolithicJiahu culture tombs in Jiahu, Wuyan County,Henan Province, in Central China.[2] They have been dated to 6000 BCE.[3]
The bone flutes have average dimensions of approximately 20 cm × 1.1 cm (7.9 in × 0.4 in), and are made from the legs of thered-crowned crane.[4][5] They are open-ended and vary in the number of their finger holes, from one to eight; the 4 holed version has 3 holes in front and one thumb hole in back.[citation needed] The Jiahu bone whistles are much shorter than the flutes, with lengths of 5.7 to 10.5 cm (2 to 4 in), and generally having a smaller amount of holes. The number of holes and the spacing between the holes determined the musicalrange andscale ormode in which the flute was intended to function. Lee and Shen believed that the Jiahu culture understood the "resonance of an air column" (seeopen tube andclosed tube) and were able to create an instrument that contained their "complete interval preference of Chinese music".Blowing across the open end of an end-blown bone flute to produce a musical sound, is accomplished in the same way, and produces a similar effect, as blowing across the open top of a bottle. The eight-holed flute can play "all harmonicintervals and tworegisters." These harmonic intervals are said to be a "function of culture" and were of a larger set compared to that now familiar in the West. Bone flutes were apparently also played as part of sacrificial rites, and employed in bird hunting. Gudi are not very common now, but there are some musicians today who play them. MusicianTang Junqiao organized a team in 2016 to replicate the bone flute, and played music composed for the instrument at the Shanghai International Spring Music Festival.[6]
^Henan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics, 河南省文化研究所 (January 1989)."河南舞阳贾湖新石器时代遗址第二至六次发掘简报(in Chinese)".Wenwu 文物 (1): 1–14,47. Retrieved25 July 2021.
Chang, Lulu Huang. From Confucius to Kublai Khan. Canada: The Institute of Mediaeval Music, 1993. (2-7)
Lee, Yuan-Yuan and Sin-Yan Shen. Chinese Musical Instruments. Chicago: Chinese Music Society of North America, 1999. (63-66)
Shen, Sin-Yan. China: A Journey into Its Musical Art. Chicago: Chinese Music Society of North America, 2000. (107-108)
So, Jenny F. ed. Music in the Age of Confucius. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M Sackler Gallery, 2000. (88-90)
Wu, Ben. "Archaeology and History of Musical Instruments in China". The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music East Asia: China, Japan, and Korea. Vol. 7. Ed Robert C. Provine, Yosihiko Tokumaru, and J Laurence Witzleban. New York: Routledge, 2002. (105-6)
