kalaallit | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Total population | |
| c. 70,000 | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Greenland | 51,349[1] |
| Denmark | 16,470[2] |
| United States | 352[3] |
| Norway | 293[4] |
| Faroe Islands | 163[5] |
| Iceland | 65[6] |
| Canada | 55[7] |
| Netherlands | 14[8] |
| Languages | |
| |
| Religion | |
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| Related ethnic groups | |
| otherInuit | |
TheGreenlandic Inuit[a] or sometimes simply theGreenlandic[b] are anethnic group andnation, where they constitute the largest ethnic population.[12] They share a commonancestry,culture, andhistory; they natively speak one of the threeGreenlandic languages. As Greenland is a country within theKingdom of Denmark, citizens of Greenland are bothcitizens of Denmark andof the European Union.
Approximately 89 percent of Greenland's population of 57,695 is GreenlandicInuit, or 51,349 people as of 2012[update].[9]Ethnographically, they consist of three major groups:
Historically,Kalaallit referred specifically to the people ofWestern Greenland. Northern Greenlanders call themselvesAvanersuarmiut orInughuit, and Eastern Greenlanders call themselvesTunumiit, respectively.[13]
Most Greenlanders are bilingual speakers ofKalaallisut andDanish and most trace their lineage to the first Inuit that came to Greenland. The vast majority of ethnic Greenlanders reside in Greenland or elsewhere in theDanish Realm, primarilyDenmark proper (approximately 20,000Greenlanders reside in Denmark proper). A small minority reside in other countries, mostly elsewhere inScandinavia andNorth America. The average Greenlander has 75% Inuit ancestry and 25% European ancestry, tracing about half of their paternal DNA to Danish male ancestors.[14][15][16]
Inuit are descended from theThule people, who settled Greenland in between AD 1200 and 1400. As 84 percent of Greenland's land mass is covered by theGreenland ice sheet, Inuit live in three regions: Polar, Eastern, and Western. In the 1850s, additional Canadian Inuit joined the Polar Inuit communities.[17]
The Eastern Inuit, or Tunumiit, live in the area with the mildest climate, a territory calledTunu orTasiilaq. Hunters can hunt marine mammals fromkayaks throughout the year.[17]
Kalaallisut is the official language of Greenland.[9] It is the western variety of the Greenlandic language, which is one of theInuit languages within theEskimo-Aleut family.[10] Kalaallisut is taught in schools and used widely in Greenlandic media.[citation needed]
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The first people arrived in Greenland from the Canadian island ofEllesmere, around 2500 to 2000 BCE, from where they colonized north Greenland as theIndependence I culture and south Greenland as theSaqqaq culture.[18] The EarlyDorset replaced these early Greenlanders around 700 BCE, and themselves lived on the island until c. 1 CE.[18] These people were unrelated to the Inuit.[18] Save for a Late Dorset recolonisation of northeast Greenland c. 700 CE, the island was then uninhabited until the Norse arrived in the 980s. Between 1000 and 1400, theThule, ancestors of the Inuit,[19][20] replaced the Dorset in Arctic Canada, and then moved into Greenland from the north.[21] The Norse disappeared from southern Greenland in the 15th century, and although Scandinavians revisited the island in the 16th and 17th centuries, they did not resettle until 1721. In 1814, theTreaty of Kiel confirmed Greenland as a territory of Denmark.
The primary method of survival for the Thule was huntingseal,narwhal, andwalrus as well as gathering local plant material.[20][22][21] Archaeological evidence of animal remains suggests that the Thule were well adjusted to Greenland and in such a way that they could afford to leave potential sources of fat behind.[22]
European visitors to Northeast Greenland before the early 19th century reported evidence of extensive Inuit settlement in the region although they encountered no humans. In 1823,Douglas Charles Clavering met a group of twelve Inuit inClavering Island. Later expeditions, starting with the SecondGerman North Polar Expedition in 1869, found the remains of many former settlements, but the population had apparently died out during the intervening years.[citation needed]
In 1979, the Greenlandersvoted to become autonomous. There is an activeindependence movement.[citation needed]
The population of Greenlandic Inuit has fluctuated over the years. Asmallpox outbreak reduced the population from 8,000 to 6,000 in the 18th century.[23] The population doubled in 1900 to 12,000 then steadily rose by around 100 people each year from 1883 to 1919. This increase in population rose to 275 on average per year between 1920 to 1949, resulting in another doubling of the population in this timespan. This population growth were driven by an effective Danish program to combatTuberculosis, as well as Danish investment in improvement of living conditions such as newer houses, and safer drinking water supplies.[23]
In 1950 and 1960 Denmark implemented the G50 and G60 plans, with the aim of further modernization of Greenland. As an effect of this the population increase reached 800 per year in the period of 1950-1979.[23]
In the latter half of the 1960s onwards Denmark intitiated anIUD campaign. This is known as theSpiral Case.
Between around 1966 and 1975, thousands ofGreenlandic Inuit girls and women hadintrauterine devices(IUDs) inserted to preventpregnancy. Half of the 9,000 women in Greenland of child bearing age was given an IUD in the first five years of the program. Some of the affected girls were as young as 12, and in some cases, women (and in the case of girls, their parents) did not consent to the procedure. Though the overall population kept increasing, reaching 41.000 by 1980.[23]
Gender roles among Greenlandic Inuit are flexible; however, historically men hunted and women prepared the meat and skins. Most marriages are by choice, as opposed to arranged; monogamy is commonplace. Extended families are important to Inuit society.
GreenlandInuit diet consists of a combination of local or traditional dishes and imported foods; the majority of Inuit, aged 18 to 25 and 60 and older, preferring customary, local foods like whale skin and dried cod over imported foods like sausage or chicken.[24] That study also reveals that those who grew up in villages only consumed local, Inuit cuisine foods 31 times a month and those who lived in Danish areas would consume local, Inuit cuisine 17 times per month.[24] The reasons for the lack of traditional food consumption varies, but 48 percent of respondents claim that they wanted to have variety in their diet, 45 percent of respondents said it was difficult to obtain traditional foods, and 39 percent said that traditional foods were too expensive.[24]
The kinds of whale that have been historically hunted and consumed are the Minke and Fin whales, both are under watch by theInternational Whaling Commission (IWC).[25][26] Greenland Home Rule implemented IWC quotas on aboriginal whale hunting, reducing hunting of Minke whales to a maximum of 115 per year and Fin whales to 21 per year.[25]
The Greenlandic Inuit have a strong artistic practice including sewing animal skins (skin-sewing) and making masks. They are also known for an art form of figures calledtupilait or "evil spirit objects".Sperm whale ivory (teeth) remains a valued medium for carving.[27]
Customary art-making practices thrive inAmmassalik Island.[28]Ammassalik wooden maps are carved maps of the Greenlandic coastline, used in the late 19th century.
Greenlandic Inuit believed that spirits inhabited every humanjoint, evenknucklebones.[29]
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