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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name (3S,3aS,4S,4aS,7S,9aR,9bR,12S)-7,12-Dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-methylene-2-oxoperhydro-4a,7-methano-9b,3-propenoazuleno[1,2-b]furan-4-carboxylic acid | |
| Identifiers | |
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3D model (JSmol) | |
| 54346 | |
| ChEBI | |
| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider |
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| DrugBank | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.000.911 |
| EC Number |
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| KEGG |
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| UNII | |
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| Properties | |
| C19H22O6 | |
| Molar mass | 346.379 g·mol−1 |
| Melting point | 233 to 235 °C (451 to 455 °F; 506 to 508 K) (decomposition) |
| 5 g/L (20 °C) | |
| Hazards | |
| GHS labelling: | |
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| Warning | |
| H319 | |
| P264,P280,P305+P351+P338,P337+P313 | |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in theirstandard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). | |
Gibberellic acid (also calledgibberellin A3 orGA3) is ahormone found in plants and fungi.[1] Itschemical formula is C19H22O6. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid.
Plants in their normal state produce large amounts of GA3. It is possible to produce the hormone industrially using microorganisms.[2] Gibberellic acid is a simplegibberellin, apentacyclicditerpene acid promoting growth and elongation of cells. It affects decomposition of plants and helps plants grow if used in small amounts, but eventually plants develop tolerance to it.[citation needed] GA stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to producemRNA molecules that code forhydrolytic enzymes. Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. Since GA regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect.[3] It is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10 mg/L.[citation needed]
GA was first identified in Japan in 1926, as a metabolic by-product of the plant pathogenGibberella fujikuroi (thus the name), which afflictsrice plants.Fujikuroi-infected plants developbakanae ("foolish seedling"), which causes them to rapidly elongate beyond their normal adult height. The plants subsequentlylodge due to lack of support, and die.[2]
Gibberellins have a number of effects on plant development. They can stimulate rapid stem and root growth, inducemitotic division in the leaves of some plants, and increase seed germination rates.[4]
Gibberellic acid is sometimes used in laboratory and greenhouse settings to triggergermination in seeds that would otherwise remaindormant.[3] It is also widely used in the grape-growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bunches and bigger grapes, especiallyThompson seedless grapes. In theOkanagan andCreston valleys, it is also used as agrowth regulator in the cherry industry.
Gibberellic acid is used commercially on Clementine Mandarin oranges to ensure a full and profitable crop of seedless fruit. To prevent the formation of seeds, Clementine groves must be isolated or netted to exclude foreign pollen from other citrus varieties. However, without cross-pollination, these trees naturally fail to set sufficient fruit, leading to very low yields. Applied directly onto the blossoms as a spray, GA stimulates the development of the fruit without the need for fertilization, guaranteeing a high yield of seedless fruit from the isolated trees.
It can be used to extend the shelf life of flowers and cut greens infloristry. Theshelf life of cut shoots ofPolygonatum multiflorum 'Variegatum' kept in water is about 7 days. To extend their life after cutting, conditioning with gibberellic acid orbenzyladenine is used. This doubles their possible use.[5]
GA is widely used in the barleymalting industry. A GA solution is sprayed on the barley after the steeping process is completed. This stimulates growth in otherwise partly dormant kernels and produces a uniform and rapid growth.
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