 | |
Former names | National College for the Deaf and Dumb (1864–1865) National Deaf-Mute College (1865–1894) Gallaudet College (1894–1986) |
|---|---|
| Motto | אתפתח/Ephphatha (Aramaic) |
Motto in English | "Be opened" |
| Type | Privatefederally chartered university[1] |
| Established | April 8, 1864; 161 years ago (1864-04-08) |
| Accreditation | MSCHE |
Academic affiliation | CUWMA |
| Endowment | $228.9 million (2024)[2] |
| President | Roberta Cordano |
Academic staff | 553[2] |
Administrative staff | 32[2] |
| Students | 1,354 (Fall 2024)[2] |
| Undergraduates | 875 (Fall 2024)[2] |
| Postgraduates | 460 (Fall 2024)[2] |
Other students | 19 (Fall 2024)[2] |
| Location | , United States 38°54′26″N76°59′35″W / 38.907222°N 76.993056°W /38.907222; -76.993056 |
| Campus | Large city,[3] 99 acres (0.40 km2) |
| Newspaper | The Buff and Blue |
| Colors | Buff Blue[4] |
| Nickname | Bison |
Sporting affiliations | |
| Mascot | Gally the Bison[5] |
| Website | gallaudet.edu |
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Gallaudet University[a] (/ˌɡæləˈdɛt/GAL-ə-DET) is aprivatefederally chartered university inWashington, D.C., for the education of thedeaf and hard of hearing. It was founded in 1864 as a grammar school for both deaf and blind children. It was the first school for the advanced education of the deaf and hard of hearing in the world and remains the only higher education institution in which all programs and services are specifically designed to accommodate deaf and hard of hearing students. Hearing students are admitted to the graduate school and a small number are also admitted as undergraduates each year. The university was named afterThomas Hopkins Gallaudet, a notable figure in the advancement of deaf education.
Gallaudet University is officially bilingual, withAmerican Sign Language (ASL) and writtenEnglish used for instruction and by the college community. Although there are no specific ASL proficiency requirements for undergraduate admission, many graduate programs require varying degrees of knowledge of the language as a prerequisite.[7] It isclassified among "Research Colleges and Universities".[8]
To ensure that the university's leadership team can understand the student population needs, the staff is predominantly deaf. In 2025, the President, the chief of staff and the chief academic, bilingual, communications and undergraduate admissions, financial, legal, and operating officers, the dean of student affairs and the Clerc Center chief academic officer are deaf. In line with the same goal of student representativeness, the majority of executive-level appointees are women.[9]
In 1856,philanthropist and formerUnited States postmaster generalAmos Kendall became aware of several deaf and blind children inWashington, D.C., who were not receiving proper care. Kendall had the courts declare the children to be his wards and donated 2 acres (0.81 ha) of his land to establish housing and a school for them.[10] The school was established in 1857 with considerable efforts being made by several concerned citizens, includingEdward Miner Gallaudet, of Washington, D.C. Two houses were used at the school's inception, one purchased and one rented.
In 1857, the34th Congress passed H.R. 806, which chartered thegrammar school as the "Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind" and funded tuition costs for indigent deaf, dumb (mute), or blind children belonging to theDistrict of Columbia.[11]Edward Miner Gallaudet was the first superintendent of the new school.
On November 1, 1858, the First Annual Report was submitted to the Secretary of the Interior.[12]
During the school's second full year of operation (1858–1859), 14 deaf students and 7 blind students were in attendance. Superintendent Gallaudet, anticipating the future growth of the school, requested money for more buildings, lamenting the fact that the money was not issued in the year prior, due to federal budget problems. The Second Annual Report was submitted November 5, 1859.[13]
During the third academic year (1859–1860), Kendall beseeched the federal government for funds to relocate the school to more spacious grounds. Gallaudet praised Kendall for donating money needed to construct a new brick building; both existing school buildings were already at capacity. There were 24 deaf students, necessitating a second teacher of the deaf. The teacher of the 6 blind students resigned due to health concerns.[14]
By the start of the 1860–1861 academic year, theCivil War had been in progress for over six months. Gallaudet reported that the students were safe and free from fear. There were 35 deaf students and 6 blind students in attendance during the academic year. An art teacher was hired for the first time.[15]
During 1861–1862, new monies provided for industrial education were used to rent a nearby shop in order to teach cabinet-making to the male students. Plans were underway to construct a new building using $9,000 that Congress appropriated to the school. There were 35 deaf students and 6 blind students. During vacation in August a regiment ofUnion troops used the brick building for a hospital, and some of the students who stayed over the summer helped with tending to the sick soldiers. One soldier died. For the first time, Gallaudet proposed expanding the school to create a college for deaf students.[16]
Even with new construction completed for the 1862–1863 school year, the school was still at capacity and more money was needed to purchase 13 acres (5.3 ha) of adjoining land and then build still more buildings. Gallaudet asked for money to pipe in water from theAnacostia River, as the existing cistern and well were inadequate for the school's burgeoning needs.[17]
College-level courses were offered for the first time during the 1863–64 academic year. In early 1864, the38th Congress authorized the institution to grant and confirm college degrees and an enabling act was signed byPresident Lincoln on April 8.[18] Today, April 8 is celebrated at Gallaudet asCharter Day in commemoration of the official beginning of Gallaudet University.[19] The collegiate department became known as the "National College for the Deaf and Dumb" from 1864 to 1865 and then would be known as the "National Deaf-Mute College" until 1894.[20] In recognition of his hard work in helping the institution grow during its formative years, Gallaudet was also promoted from superintendent to president. An elaborate inauguration ceremony of Gallaudet as president was held in June withLaurent Clerc in attendance. 14 acres (5.7 ha) of land was purchased with money supplied by the government. He continued to push for funds for expansion and new buildings.[21]
| Presidents of Gallaudet University | ||
|---|---|---|
| # | Name | Tenure |
| 1 | Edward Miner Gallaudet | 1864–1910 |
| 2 | Percival Hall | 1910–1945 |
| 3 | Leonard M. Elstad | 1945–1969 |
| 4 | Edward C. Merrill Jr. | 1969–1983 |
| 5 | W. Lloyd Johns | October 1983–January 1984 |
| 6 | Jerry C. Lee | 1984–1988 |
| 7 | Elisabeth A. Zinser | March 1988 |
| 8 | I. King Jordan Jr. | 1988–2006 |
| 9 | Robert Davila | 2006–2009 |
| 10 | T. Alan Hurwitz | 2010–2015 |
| 11 | Roberta Cordano | 2016–present |
The enrollment numbers increased rapidly during the 1864–1865 academic year. That same year, in early 1865, the 38th Congress removed the provision that the institution was to educate the blind, and renamed it the "Columbia Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb". (This would be the corporate name for the entire institution, including the collegiate division, until 1911, when the legal name was changed to the "Columbia Institution for the Deaf".[20]) Gallaudet asked the government for money to accomplish several projects, including the construction of anice house and agas house, sewer lines, and more. Major construction from earlier projects continued on campus. Following Gallaudet's proposal a year earlier to discontinue services for the small number of blind students the institution had at the time, explaining that the blind students would be better served at a specialized facility, the blind students were henceforth transferred to theschool for the blind inBaltimore,Maryland.[22]
During the 1865–1866 academic year, Gallaudet responded to criticism from supporters of theoral method in Massachusetts, saying that oral instruction is usually of little value to congenitally deaf children. Gallaudet proposed that a representative of the school be sent to Europe to study the methods employed there, in order to determine which types of instructional methods might be added to those methods already being used successfully at the Columbia Institution and other American schools. Combined enrollment of all levels of instruction, including the collegiate level, exceeded 100 for the first time during this year. There were 25 students enrolled in the college, including students from 14 states. Edward Allen Fay joined the faculty as a professor of history, having learned to sign as a child.[23]
In the 1866–1867 academic year, the building for the primary school was extended and sickness was thereby reduced. A mathematics professor was hired for the first time. More money was needed to accommodate additional students expected to swell the ranks of the school.
Gallaudet gave a lengthy account ofhis travels to Europe in 1867 and was very critical of the extent to which speech is taught to deaf children in European schools for the deaf. Nevertheless, he recommended that a limited amount of speech training be afforded to deaf students in America to those who show they can benefit. The locations he visited included:Dublin, Ireland;Geneva, Switzerland;Vienna, Austria;Paris, France; Prague, Bohemia; (Prague, Czech Republic); Berlin, Prussia (Berlin, Germany);London, England;Edinburgh, Scotland;Saint Petersburg, Russia;Stockholm, Sweden;Copenhagen, Denmark; and many other cities in Europe.[24]
The biggest educational conference in the then-history of deaf education was held during the month of May 1868 in Washington, D.C., largely made up of principals of schools for the deaf. Fourteen of the twenty-two schools for the deaf were represented. The chief topic of discussion was the recommendations put forth by Edward Gallaudet regarding adding articulation lessons to schools' curricula.[25]
In 1868–1869, the first students completed a full course of college studies, all three men graduating with bachelor's degrees in June.[26]
The founder of the school, Amos Kendall, died in November 1869. Gallaudet delivered a eulogy at the board meeting in January 1870. The main central building, now called Chapel Hall, was partially completed, with rooms in the basement and on the first floor first being used. Plans were being made to purchase Amos Kendall's estate, which adjoined the grounds of the school. Gallaudet cautioned Congress that Kendall's heirs had plans to subdivide the property if it was not sold to the Columbia Institution, and hence the land would never again become available for purchase as a whole.[27]
In the 1871–1872 academic year, the diplomas of the graduates that summer were signed by PresidentU.S. Grant, beginning a tradition of all Gallaudet graduates having their diplomas signed by the then-serving US president.[28]
In 1881, Laura Sheridan, a hearing woman, inquired about the school accepting women. She was told that deaf women could not enter the institution at the time. In 1887 Gallaudet agreed to allow women to matriculate for the 1887-1888 and 1888–1889 academic years with the understanding that it would be considered an experiment. Temporary living arrangements were made for the 11 students who initially entered. Five female students remained when the school announced in 1889 that the college would be permanently coeducational, with two graduating. One of the students wasAgatha Tiegel in the class of 1893, who later married the well-known deaf architectOlof Hanson.[29]
In 1894, the collegiate division was officially renamed "Gallaudet College" from the "National Deaf-Mute College" in honor ofThomas Hopkins Gallaudet, President Gallaudet's father.[20]
In 1911, Congress amended the charter of the institution, changing the corporate name to "Columbia Institution for the Deaf". It would remain the legal name for the institution until 1954, when Congress amended the charter to rename it "Gallaudet College", which had been the official name of the collegiate department since 1894.[30][31]
During his 17 years as Dean of the college in the 1950s and 1960s, George Ernst Detmold was a significant figure in helping the college achieve accreditation. He also led the college in developing new departments, especially drama. He directed Gallaudet theater productions, which eventually led to starting theNational Theatre of the Deaf.[32]
In 1965, professors at Gallaudet compiled the first-ever dictionary of ASL signs.[33]
In 1986, Congress again amended the charter of the institution, renaming it "Gallaudet University".[34]
Student strikes at Gallaudet University starting March 6, 1988, revolutionized the perception and education ofDeaf culture. Deaf students were outraged at the selection of another hearing president,Elisabeth Zinser; the university had never selected a deaf person for this position. Alumni, faculty, staff, and students demanded that the next president of the university be deaf. After a week of protest and activism, Zinser resigned and was replaced by psychology professor and dean of the College of Arts and SciencesI. King Jordan. This movement became known asDeaf President Now (DPN).
Jordan announced his retirement in September 2005. On May 1, 2006, the university's board of trustees announced thatJane Fernandes, the university's then-currentprovost, would be the university's next president. This was met with protests from the student body – in person, on campus, and in internet blogs and forums.
Initially, students cited the lack of racial diversity among finalists, Fernandes's lack of warmth,[35] and her lack of fluency inAmerican Sign Language.[36]
Jordan publicly accused some critics of rejecting Fernandes because "she is not deaf enough." He described the protest as "identity politics", saying, "We are squabbling about what it means to be deaf."[37]
The Washington Post reported that Fernandes "would like to see the institution become more inclusive of people who might not have grown up using sign language", stating that Gallaudet must embrace "all kinds of deaf people".[38] Those who opposed her said that they feared a "weakening of American Sign Language at an institution that should be its standard-bearer."[39] Protesters said Fernandes distorted their arguments and that the protest centered on her inability to lead, an unfair selection process and longstanding problems at the school.[40]
In the spring 2006 protest, students blocked entrances to the Gallaudet campus, held rallies, and set up tents near the university's main entrance. Fernandes, appointed to serve as president-designate until Jordan retired, said that she would not step down. On May 8, the faculty gave a vote of no confidence for Fernandes.
When the fall 2006 academic year resumed, some students, faculty, staff, and alumni continued their protest, calling for Fernandes to step down and for the presidential search to be done again. On October 11, a group of protesting students shut down the campus. On October 16 at a regularly scheduled meeting, faculty members voted 138 to 24 to block Fernandes from becoming president of Gallaudet University.
Fernandes said, "I really don't understand so I have to believe it's not about me. ... I believe it's about evolution and change and growth in the deaf community."[41]
On October 29, the university withdrew the appointment of Fernandes.[42] In an opinion piece inThe Washington Post, Jordan defended Fernandes's remarks and denounced the board's decision and the actions of the protesters, saying, "I am convinced that the board made a serious error in acceding to the demands of the protesters by terminating Fernandes's presidency before it began."[43]
On December 10, 2006, the Board of Trustees announced thatRobert Davila would serve as interim president for a period of up to two years.[44] He was formally installed on May 9, 2007, during a ceremony that included a speech by D.C. Congressional DelegateEleanor Holmes Norton, who spoke positively of the 2006 protest.[45] He stepped down on December 31, 2009.
On June 29, 2007, in the aftermath of the controversy over the university's presidency, Gallaudet was temporarily placed on probation by itsaccreditation organization, the Commission on Higher Education of theMiddle States Association of Colleges and Schools.[46] It was also reported that in 2006, theOffice of Management and Budget had found that "Gallaudet failed to meet its goals or showed declining performance in key areas, including the number of students who stay in school, graduate and either pursue graduate degrees or find jobs upon graduation."[47] In January 2007, former president Jordan wrote an editorial on the topic that appeared inThe Washington Post.[44] The Middle States Commission later reaffirmed Gallaudet's accreditation on June 27, 2008.[48]
On October 18, 2009, the Board of Trustees announced that Gallaudet's tenth president would beAlan Hurwitz. He began his tenure on January 1, 2010, and served until he retired on December 31, 2015, succeeded byRoberta Cordano, the eleventh president.
| Race and Ethnicity | ||
|---|---|---|
| All Schools | Total | |
| White | 42% | |
| Hispanic | 23% | |
| Black | 18% | |
| Asian | 5% | |
| Two or more races | 2% | |
| Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 1% | |
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 1% | |
| Unknown | 8% | |
The university acknowledges that it "is a congressionally created corporation that serves governmental objectives."[50]The university and theUS Department of Education explain that Gallaudet has been structured by the Federal Government to take the form of a "federally chartered, private, non-profit educational institution." The federal government plays various roles within the institution:[51]
Gallaudet's Fifty-Fifth Annual Report[56] contains an appendix that includes the text of 99 Federal Acts related to Gallaudet/Columbia which were enacted between 1857 and 1912.
There have been 15 occasions to date in Gallaudet's history when a US president has visited either the campus or attended an official function off campus.[57] President Johnson's second visit, in 1966, was unannounced and impromptu. President Taft had promised to attend President Percival Hall's installation on May 10, 1911, and give an address, but cancelled at the last minute before the ceremony.[58] President Kennedy had planned to attend the centennial celebration at Gallaudet in 1964, but wasassassinated.[59]
| Hearing Status | ||
|---|---|---|
| Undergraduate | Total | |
| Deaf/Hard of Hearing | 92% | |
| Hearing | 8% | |
| Unknown | 0% | |
| Graduate | Total | |
| Deaf/Hard of Hearing | 54% | |
| Hearing | 42% | |
| Unknown | 4% | |
| All Schools | Total | |
| Deaf/Hard of Hearing | 78% | |
| Hearing | 20% | |
| Unknown | 2% | |
Several programs and majors are offered at Gallaudet University. The five most popular majors are business, visual and performing arts, communication studies, physical education, and psychology. Gallaudet University offers thirty graduate programs in ten Departments as well as on-line and on-campus continuing education courses.[85] Over 90 percent of the classes offered at Gallaudet University contain fewer than 20 students.[85] The freshman retention rate at the university is 69–77 percent, the four-year graduation rate is 17–27 percent, and the six-year graduation rate is 43–53 percent (for freshmen entering 2008–2012).[86]
The classrooms are visually-oriented, and are organized around the philosophy ofDeafSpace, such as all the desks arranged in a circle so that all students and teachers can see one another for discussions.[87] If a professor needs to get the attention of the classroom, they will flash a light signal.[88]
The university maintains 5 schools:[89]
| Academic rankings | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| U.S. News & World Report[90] | 214 (tie) |
| Washington Monthly[91] | 315 |
In 2025,U.S. News & World Report ranked Gallaudet at 214th nationwide and at 11th in the category for best value schools.[92] The previous year, in 2024,Washington Monthly ranked Gallaudet at 315 nationwide.[93]
The Gallaudet campus, comprising theGallaudet College Historic District, has been designated a historic place on several registries and surveys:
![Bison, the mascot[100]](/image.pl?url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2f%2fupload.wikimedia.org%2fwikipedia%2fcommons%2fthumb%2fc%2fcb%2fBison_Statue%252C_located_outside_of_the_Gallaudet_University_Field_House%252C_NE%252C_Washington%252C_D.C_LCCN2010642261.tif%2flossy-page1-191px-Bison_Statue%252C_located_outside_of_the_Gallaudet_University_Field_House%252C_NE%252C_Washington%252C_D.C_LCCN2010642261.tif.jpg&f=jpg&w=240)
The campus is shared withKendall Demonstration Elementary School, a day school serving deaf and hard of hearing students from birth through grade 8,[101] and theModel Secondary School for the Deaf, a day and residential high school for deaf and hard of hearing students.[102]
Gallaudet also operates a child development center with admissions priority for children of faculty, staff, and students. Separate from the KDES Early Childhood Program, the child development center is inclusive of, but not exclusively for, deaf and hard-of-hearing children.[103]
In October 2014, the Gallaudet University board of trustees announced a 10-year, $450 million development of its campus along 6th Street NE. The development, which includes both campus property as well as college-owned residential and retail property across the street, will be overseen byJBG Smith.[104][105]
| Men's sports | Women's sports |
|---|---|
| Basketball | Basketball |
| Cross country | Cross country |
| Football | Flag football |
| Soccer | Softball |
| Swimming | Stunt |
| Track and field1 | Swimming |
| Wrestling | Track and field1 |
| Thriatlon | |
| Volleyball | |
Co-ed sports | |
Disc golf | |
Esports | |
Pickeball | |
| 1 – includes both indoor and outdoor | |
Gallaudet athletic teams are the Bison. The university is a member of theDivision III level of theNational Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing as a core member of theUnited East Conference (formerly known as the "North Eastern Athletic Conference" (NEAC) until after the 2020–21 academic year) for most its sports since the 2010–11 academic year;[106][107] in theEastern Collegiate Football Conference for football; and as Independents for their men's and women's swimming & diving and track & field teams. The Bison previously competed in theCapital Athletic Conference from 1989–90 to 2009–10.
Their colors arebuff andblue, which were chosen after Union soldiers' uniforms in the Civil War.
Gallaudet women's basketball is most known for its 1999 season[citation needed], with several notable players from the Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf[citation needed]. The team includedRonda Jo Miller, a three-time Division III All-America selection, as well as one of the top women's volleyball players[citation needed].
Under coach Kitty Baldridge, the Bison went to the NCAA Tournament for the second time in three seasons. Receiving one of the lowest seeds as an at-large team into the Division III NCAA Tournament field[clarification needed], which numbered 48 teams, the Bison traveled to St. Mary's College (Md.), a school which had recently defeated them in the Capital Athletic Conference tournament, and came away with an 80–73 win. In the second round, Gallaudet beat a team from The College of New Jersey which had received a first-round bye and was highly favored. The Bison advanced to the Sweet 16 round of the 1999 tournament before being eliminated by Salem State College (Mass.).[108][better source needed]
Miller finished with 2,656 points scored, 1,545 rebounds and 373 blocked shots, and was called "one of the best basketball players in Division III history" by the NCAA.[109]
Kevin Cook coached the team briefly to success.[110][better source needed] Gallaudet began the 2010–11 season on a 20-game winning streak and finished the season 24–4 (20–2 in conference play). Cook was named North Eastern Athletic Conference Coach of the Year, and senior Easter Faafiti was voted NEAC Player of the Year. The 2010–11 season ended in the first round of the Division III NCAA Championships with a loss to Juniata.[111]
After a victory over Penn State-Berks in the 2010–11 season, Penn State guard Corin Bishop "said that she views the Gallaudet team as a great basketball team, not a team of deaf players." Hayes of Gallaudet later said, "I feel like there are people who stereotype us as deaf players, I'm just like everyone else who plays basketball".[110] In an interview with Lydia Lum ofDiverse, he said, "Because of us, there's a growing awareness that there are differences between deaf people, but we're all the same."[112]
Thefootballhuddle originated at Gallaudet when the team noticed that their opponents were trying to see and read their signs in order to try to guess their plays.[113]
In 2006, theGallaudet women's volleyball team ended their season 30–10 after a history-making run to the Sweet Sixteen in the NCAA Division III tournament. Tamijo Foronda, a senior outside hitter, was named to the AVCA All-American Team.[114]
The football and soccer teams play at Hotchkiss Field[115] with the track and field teams using Thomas Berg Track, located within Hotchkiss Field for track meets.[116]
Basketball[117] and volleyball[118] use the GU Field House for their home games.[119]
Hoy Field (named afterWilliam E. Hoy, the first deaf baseball player to play professionally)[120] is home to the baseball team[121] and the GU Softball Complex hosts the softball team.[122] Both venues are made ofField Turf.
Notable athletes that have attended the university include:
The campusGreek community is relatively small with only threefraternities and threesororities: The three fraternities are Alpha Sigma Pi, Kappa Gamma, andKappa Sigma; the three sororities are Delta Epsilon, Phi Kappa Zeta, and Kappa Theta Phi.
Gallaudet is home to the National Deaf Life Museum, established in 2007 as the Gallaudet University Museum. The museum focuses on the culture and history of deaf and hard of hearing people in the United States, with special attention given to Gallaudet history and alumni. The museum is located in Chapel Hall, while museum staff are housed in the campus Gate House.[124] Exhibits created by the museum include highlighting notable alumni such asOlof Hanson,Robert Panara, and Andrew Jackson Foster; "Deaf HERstory", focusing on the lives and activism of deaf women; and "Deaf Difference + Space Survival", highlighting the story of the "Gallaudet Eleven" who contributed to NASA's studies of motion sickness and weightlessness during theSpace Race.[125]
The Gallaudet Office of Research Support and International Affairs (RSIA) (formerly Gallaudet Research Institute or GRI) is internationally recognized for its leadership in deafness-related research. RSIA researchers gather and analyze data concerning the social, academic, and perceptual characteristics of deaf and hard of hearing populations, primarily to provide information needed by educators in the field. Staff are skilled in various research methodologies including surveys, test norming and assessment, ethnographic studies, clinical studies, and information management.[126] In 2016, RSIA began hosting the "Gallaudet Research Expo", to give students, faculty, and staff "the opportunity to share ideas and showcase scholarly pursuits and achievements."[127] Presentations represent "education, linguistics, STM, neuroscience, interpretation and translation, computer science, audiology, psychology, deaf studies, and other fields that reflect Gallaudet's research priorities."[127]
Gallaudet University Press publishes two academic journals,American Annals of the Deaf (est. 1847) andSign Language Studies (est. 1972). TheAnnals are "the oldest and most widely read English-language journal dealing with deafness and the education of deaf persons."[128]
The Department of Psychology's chapter ofPsi Chi publishes the journalGallaudet Chronicles of Psychology.[129] The journal is managed and edited by graduate student members of the chapter. TheChronicles are designed to "mimic professional, peer-reviewed journals"[130] and provides graduate students with the opportunity to disseminate their original psychology research.[130] In 2018, the chapter will be publishing the fifth volume of theChronicles.
In the fall of 2010, the university's Department of Deaf Studies launched theDeaf Studies Digital Journal[131] (DSDJ), the first peer-reviewed academic and creative arts journal in American Sign Language and English.[132] TheDSDJ itself is published in entirely video-based content and is available online. To date, only four issues ofDSDJ have been released, the most recent being published in 2014.
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