TheFokker F27 Friendship is aturbopropairliner developed and manufactured by the Dutchaircraft manufacturerFokker. It is the most numerous post-war aircraft manufactured in the Netherlands; the F27 was also one of the most successful European airliners of its era.
The F27 was developed during the early 1950s with the intent of producing a capable successor to the earlierpiston engine-powered airliners that had become commonplace on the market, such as theDouglas DC-3. A key innovation of the F27 was the adoption of theRolls-Royce Dartturboprop engine, which produced substantially less vibration and noise which provided improved conditions for passengers; another major comfort feature wascabin pressurisation. Innovative manufacturing techniques were also employed in the aircraft's construction.
On 24 November 1955, the F27 made itsmaiden flight; on 19 November 1958, the type was introduced to revenue service. Shortly after its introduction, the F27 was recognised as being a commercial success. Under alicensing arrangement reached between Fokker and the U.S. aircraft manufacturerFairchild, the F27 was manufactured in the United States by the latter; Fairchild went on to independently develop a stretched version of the airliner, which was designated as theFairchild FH-227. During the 1980s, Fokker developed a modernised successor to the F27, theFokker 50, which eventually replaced it in production.
Early concept art of the F27The first F27 prototype, registrationPH-NSA
In the aftermath of theSecond World War, twin-engine all-metalmonoplanes such as the successfulDouglas DC-3 airliner dominated commuter aviation. Over 10,000 DC-3s had been manufactured during wartime, which led to the type being highly available and thus encouraging its adoption by hundreds of operators across the world.[1]
By the early 1950s, various aircraft manufacturers had begun considering the post-war requirements of the civil aviation market and several commenced work upon projects aiming to produce designs for new aircraft which would be viewed as best meeting these requirements;Dutch firmFokker was amongst the companies pursuing development of such an aircraft.[1] By 1951, figures within Fokker were urging that design work be undertaken on a prospective 32-seat airliner intended as a direct replacement for the popular DC-3.[2] Fokker sought the opinions of existing DC-3 operators on what performance increases and refinements they would expect of a new model of commuter aircraft. On the basis of this feedback, the design team chose to incorporate various new technologies into the tentative design.[1]
Second F27 prototype under construction in 1956.
Fokker evaluated several potential configurations for the airliner, including the use ofWright Cycloneradial engines, before finally settling upon a high-wing aircraft, which was furnished with a pair ofRolls-Royce Dartturboprop engines and apressurised cabin which contained a total of 28 passengers.[1] The Dart engine had already proven successful on the early models of theVickers Viscount, while a high-mounted wing had been selected as it produced a higher lift coefficient than a lower counterpart, it also enabled easier ground loading due to a lower floor level and provided unfettered external views to passengers without any weight increase. In the aircraft's construction, Fokker used an innovative metal-to-metal bonding technique,Redux, resulting in a longer fatigue life, improved aerodynamics, and a lighter structure; Fokker became the first such company afterde Havilland to employ such means.[1]
In 1953, the proposed airliner received the nameFriendship.[1] A total of fourprototypes were produced, two of these being flyable aircraft that were used for the test flight programme and were paid for by theNetherlands Institute of Aircraft Development; the other two prototypes were for static and fatigue testing.[2] On 24 November 1955, the first prototype, registeredPH-NIV, performed itsmaiden flight.[2] The second prototype and initial production machines were 0.9 m (3 ft) longer than the first prototype in order to address a revealed tendency for slightly tail-heavy handling as well as to provide additional space for four more passengers, raising the maximum number of passengers which could be carried to 32. These aircraft were also powered by the Dart Mk 528 engine, which was capable of generating greater thrust.[citation needed]
TheImperial Iranian Air Force acquired 19 Fokker F27-400M transport aircraft in 1972.The remains of anImperial Iranian Air Force Fokker F27-400M transport aircraft at the site of Operation Eagle Claw disaster. (Note: No such aircraft was used in Operation Eagle Claw.)
Throughout the F27's production life, Fokker proceeded to adapt the design for various purposes and roles.[1] Via modifications such as the adoption of improved engines, rearranged loading doors, elongated fuselages, and other changes, several different models of the F27 were developed and made available for commercial operators. Several military transport models were also produced. Fokker also chose to design a dedicated model of the F27 for conductingmaritime reconnaissance missions.[1]
During 1952, Fokker established a relationship with the US aircraft manufacturerFairchild, which was interested in the upcoming F27.[1] In 1956, Fokker signed alicensing deal with Fairchild, under which the latter was authorised to manufacture the F27 in the USA. On 12 April 1958, the first American-built aircraft conducted its first flight.[1] Production of Fairchild built aircraft would continue until July 1973. Fairchild proceeded to independently develop a stretched version of the airliner, designated as theFH-227. The majority of sales completed by Fairchild fell within the North American market.[citation needed]
In the early 1980s, Fokker decided to develop a modernised successor to the F27 Friendship, designated as the F27 Mark 050 and marketed as theFokker 50. Although originating from the F27-500 airframe, the Fokker 50 was virtually a new aircraft, complete withPratt & Whitney Canada engines and modern systems, which led to its general performance and passenger comfort being noticeably improved over the F27.[3] The Fokker 50 ultimately replaced the F27 in production.[citation needed]
ALloyd Aéreo Boliviano F-27 with its cargo door open. Passengers board via the rear-fuselage door while freight is stored in the front
Initial sales for the type were slow, which led to Fokker seeking financial support frombanks and from the Dutch government in order to maintain production of the airliner while more customers were sought.[1] In 1960, demand for the F27 increased rapidly as multiple airlines placed sizable orders for the type. This is in part due to the spreading reputation of the type, having been found by operators that, in comparison to its piston-engine wartime counterparts like the DC-3, the F27 possessed superior levels of efficiency, enabling faster flight times, greater passenger comfort and a higher level of reliability.[1]
In 1960, the base purchase price for an RDa.6-powered F27 was £239,000.[4] By the end of the production run for the Fokker F27 in 1987, a total of 592 units had been completed by Fokker (additionally, another 207 F-27s and FH-227s had been produced in the US by Fairchild), more than any other western European civil turboprop airliner at the time.[1][citation needed]
In later service, many aircraft have been modified from their original configurations for passenger service to perform cargo or express-package freighter duties instead. The last major cargo user of the F27 in the United States wasFedEx Express, using it as a cargo "feeder" aircraft. These were retired and replaced by a mixture ofATR 42 andATR 72 aircraft by the end of 2009, the last of these aircraft were subsequently donated to theHickory Aviation Museum.[citation needed]
As of July 2010 a total of 65 F27s were in commercial service with almost 30 different airlines.[5] By July 2013, only 25 Friendships remained in service, operated by 13 different airlines; most of these were F27-500s, with two -400s and a solitary -600 series aircraft in service. Italian cargo airlineMiniLiner operated six F27s andAir Panama had four in its fleet.[6] TheUnited States Army Parachute Team has operated a single C-31A Troopship for conducting its skydiving exhibitions since 1985.[7][8] As of July 2018, 10 aircraft remain in service operated by 7 airlines.[9]
F27-400 - "Combi" passenger/cargo aircraft, with two Rolls-Royce Dart 7 turboprop engines and large cargo door.[citation needed]
F27-400M - Military version forUS Army with designationC-31A Troopship, stillin use in 2018. Last retired September 2019. 85-01608 "Excalibur" transferred to Vliegend Nederlands Cultureel Erfgoed (Flying Dutch Cultural Heritage) based at Lelystad Airport (EHLE)[10] One C-31A auctioned in October 2019.[11]
F27-500 - equipped with a 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in) longerfuselage, a return to the Dart Mk 528 engine, and accommodation for up to 52 passengers. It first flew in November 1967.[citation needed]
On 10 June 1960,Trans Australia Airlines Flight 538 crashed in the sea nearMackay, Queensland, Australia, with 29 fatalities, in what is still the deadliest civilian Australian aircraft accident in history. The investigation was unable to determine the probable cause of this accident, but it was critical in the development of theflight recorder to record parameters that aid investigations of future airliner accidents.[13]
On 23 September 1961,Turkish Airlines Flight 835, an F-27-100, struck the Karanlıktepe hill during approach, killing 28 of the 29 on board.
On February 28, 1967,Philippine Airlines Flight 345, an F-27 100, crashed on approach toMactan–Cebu International Airport. The aircraft pitched upwards, then banked and descended, with its left wing striking trees and then the ground, ending with the fuselage nosing over and sliding onto its back, catching fire. 12 of the 19 occupants were killed. A contributing factor to the crash was improper load distribution, which affected the aircraft's centre of gravity.[14]
On 21 April 1969, anIndian Airlines flight crashed in a thunderstorm while crossing East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) airspace on its flight fromAgartala toCalcutta, killing all 44 people on board.[15]
On 6 August 1970, aPakistan International Airlines Fokker F27 turboprop aircraft crashed near the small village Rawat, after take-off from Islamabad in a thunderstorm, killing all 30 people on board.[16]
On 26 September 1970, aFlugfélag Íslands Fokker F27 Friendship, with registration TF-FIL,crashed into the mountains of Mykines in theFaroe Islands, in heavy fog, killing the Icelandic captain and seven Faroese passengers.[17][18] 26 passenger and crew survived the crash. Three passengers, who escaped with minor injuries, hiked for an hour down the mountain to the village ofMykines, alerting authorities. The majority of the villagers went up the mountain to aid the injured.[19]
On 23 January 1971, a domestic scheduledKorean Air Lines passenger flight, operated by a Fokker F27 Friendship 500, betweenGangneung andSeoul was hijacked by a man armed with handgrenades in the sky over Hongcheon County, Gangwon Province.[20] A security officer shot the hijacker, and as he fell, the bomb he was holding exploded, and a co-pilot blocked it with his body, cutting off his left leg and right arm, and he later died[21] from excessive bleeding. The aircraft crash-landed on a desertedbeach inGoseong County, Gangwon, nearSokcho,South Korea.[22] The aircraft was written off.[23][24][25]
On 30 January 1971,Indian Airlines Fokker Friendship aircraft Ganga was hijacked by Hashim Quereshi and his cousin Ashraf Butt, and was flown toLahore, Pakistan, where the passengers and crew were released and the aircraft was burnt on February 1, 1971.[26][27][28]
On 12 December 1971, a Fokker F27 Friendship registered AP-ALX, operating an international flight between Karachi and Zahedan, crashed in Pakistan near the Iranian border, killing all 4 people on board.[29]
On 14 September 1978, aPhilippine Air Force F27 crashed due towind shear; 15 of the 24 people on board were killed, as well as 17 people on the ground.[31]
On 26 May 1980, aNigerian Air Force F27 crashed due to a thunderstorm, killing all 30 people on board. The aircraft was carrying a delegation of military and government officials on a diplomatic mission.[33]
On 20 July 1981,Somali Airlines Flight 40 crashed near Balad, Somalia. All 50 passengers and crew on board were killed.[34]
On 20 February 1986, an Iranian F27-600 commanded by Colonel Abdolbaghi Darvish was shot down by an Iraqi fighter jet. All 49 crew and passengers were killed.[37][38] The aircraft was carrying a delegation of military and government officials on a mission.
On 23 October 1986, a Pakistan International Airlines F27 crashed while coming in to land in the northwestern city of Peshawar, killing 13 of the 54 people on board.[43]
On 21 June 1987, aBurma Airways Fokker F-27 Friendship 200slammed into an 8200-ft-high mountain 15 minutes after take-off fromHeho Airport, killing all 45 people on board.[44]
On 8 December 1987, in theAlianza Lima air disaster, an F27 of the Peruvian Navy that was transporting theAlianza Lima football team crashed in Lima, Peru, killing the whole team.[45]
11 October 1987, aBurma Airways F-27-500crashed into a 1500-ft-high mountain, killing all 49 people on board. This was Myanmar's second-deadliest air disaster, surpassed only by thecrash of a Myanmar Air Force Shaanxi Y-8 in 2017, which killed 122 people.[46] Thirty-six foreigners—14 Americans, seven Swiss citizens, five Britons, four Australians, three West Germans, two French citizens, and one Thai—were among the dead.[47][48]
On 25 August 1989, a Pakistan International Airlines F27 operating asPakistan International Airlines Flight 404 and carrying 54 people disappeared after leaving Gilgit in northern Pakistan. The wreckage was never found.[52]
On 10 September 1992,Expreso Aéreo Flight 015, an F27-500 (reg. OB-1443), crashed in theairstrip of the remoteAmazon town ofBellavista inPeru. Due to apilot error onapproximation, possibly compounded byfatigue and theco-pilot's lack of experience, the plane hit the ground shortly before therunway threshold (practically crash-landing) and broke up in several parts, killing the pilot in the ensuing fire. The six remaining crew members and the 36 passengers managed to evacuate and survived, although some were injured.[53][54]
On 1 July 1995, an East West AirlinesFokker F27, registered VT-EWE, was engaged in atouch-and-go landing training exercise atVadodara Airport when the aircraft's left main landing gear failed on touchdown. The aircraft continued moving forward on its belly and skid to a halt on the runway. There was no fire and no injury to persons on board the aircraft. Poor maintenance was cited as a contributory factor in the accident. The aircraft was written off.[55]
On 17 July 1997,Sempati Air Flight 304 crashed at Bandung, West Java, shortly after take-off, when after an engine failure, the crew mishandled the return to the airport on one engine.[57]
On 27 January 1998, aMyanma AirwaysFokker F27 crashed while taking off from Yangon, Myanmar, killing 16 of the 45 people on board.[58]
On 12 January 1999, aChannel Express F-27-600F (registration: G-CHNL) cargo flight fromLuton Airport toGuernsey Airport was incorrectly loaded affecting centre of gravity, stalled on approach to the airport, crashed, and caught fire. The fire spread to two nearby homes, killing the pilots and injuring one person on the ground.[60]
On 20 February 2003, a military F27 crashed in northwestern Pakistan, killingPakistan Air Force Air Chief MarshalMushaf Ali Mir, his wife, and 15 others.[62]
Pakistan International Airlines Flight 688, carrying 45 people, crashed 2–3 minutes after take-off fromMultan airport on 10 July 2006, with no survivors. Engine fire was suspected as the cause of the crash.[63]
On 6 April 2009, anIndonesian Air Force F27crashed inBandung, Indonesia, killing all 24 occupants on board. The cause of the accident was said to be heavy rain.[64] The aircraft reportedly crashed into a hangar during its landing procedure and killed all on board.[65]
On 24 June 2022, a Cargo2Fly F27 5Y-CCE landed heavily on the runway atJuba International Airport,South Sudan, with the undercarriage retracted after the aircraft failed to climb on takeoff. No injuries.[68][69]
10132 – F27-109 is on static display at theSouth Australian Aviation Museum in Adelaide, South Australia. It was previously operated as VH-CAT by theCSIRO as an atmospheric research aircraft.[70][71]
10315 – F27-600QC is on static display at the Queensland Air Museum atCaloundra Airport in Caloundra, Queensland. It was originally manufactured as an F27-400 and later redesignated as a -600QC. The aircraft was delivered new to Australia and spent most of its career operating forAnsett.[72]
10596 - F27-500 was delivered airworthy to the Historical Aircraft Restoration Society,Illawarra Regional Airport, New South Wales on 26 February 2018. It had been operated byAirwork under contract toNew Zealand Post.[73]
Finland
Finnish Air Force's first F27, designated "FF-1" and nicknamed "Ansa", is on static display at theSatakunta Air Command garrison inPirkkala,[74] Finland. It was operated as FF-1 in the Finnish Air Force as both transport and signal reconnaissance plane; FF-2 and FF-3 were equipped for parachutists, typically used in platoon size smaller drops for which the type was well suited. Before military use, FF-1 was operated briefly byKarair (later merged intoFinnair) as OH-KFA. The aircraft was initially operated byIcelandair.[74]
10102 – F27-100 is on static display at theAviodrome in Lelystad. It was previously registered as PH-NVF, and is one of the prototype F27s, in whose colours it is painted.[79]
10105 – F27-100 is also on static display at the Aviodrome. It was previously registered as PH-FHF, is the first production F27, and is painted in the colours ofNLM CityHopper.[79][80]
10183 - F27-100 on static display at a Bed and Breakfast inHoogerheide. The 75th production Fokker 27 rolled out of the factory July 13, 1961. Ordered byTurkish airlines. Registered as TC-TEK. Bought back by Fokker in 1974 and used as a testbed for a prototype maritime version of which eventually 14 editions were made. Her new registration was PH-FCX. Last flight was made on June 30, 1983.[81]
10449 – F27-500 is on static display at Fokker Logistics Park in Oude Meer. It was previously registered as N19XE and is painted as PH-NIV, the first prototype F27. It marks the former location of the Fokker factory atAmsterdam Airport Schiphol.[82][83]
10189 – F27-100 is on static display at the Ferrymead Aeronautical Society inFerrymead Heritage Park in Christchurch. It was previously operated as ZK-BXG and is painted in National Airways Corporation colours.[85]
APakistan International Airlines Fokker F27-200 is on display just outside Chitral airport at Fokker F27 Friendship Restaurant. The aircraft AP-AUR was operating Flight PK660 and was landing at Chitral in 2004 when its brakes failed causing the aircraft to overrun.[citation needed]
Philippines
59-0259 F27-200Philippine Air Force which once served as the presidential plane of the late President Ferdinand E. Marcos, is now on static display at the People's Park in Barangay E. Lopez, Silay City, Negros Occidental.[88][89]
United Kingdom
10196 – F27-200 is on static display at theCity of Norwich Aviation Museum in Horsham, St Faith. It was previously operated as G-BHMY by Air UK.[90]
10201 – F27-500 is on static display at the City of Norwich Aviation Museum. It was previously operated as G-BCDN by Air UK before being retired to the KLM UK Engineering Technical College at Norwich Airport.[91]
United States
10367 – F27-500 is on static display at theHickory Aviation Museum in Hickory, North Carolina. It was previously operated as N705FE by FedEx.[92][93]
^"현내면 초도리에 불시착한 1971년 KAL기 납북 미수 사건... 최선호씨 당시 사진 공개" [1971 KAL Flight Attempted Hijacking Incident That Made an Emergency Landing in Chodo-ri, Hyeon-nae-myeon... Choi Seon-ho's Photo at the Time Released] (in Korean). Seorak Today. 11 April 2023. Retrieved18 February 2025.
^"FAA REGISTRY [N19XE]".Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation.Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved12 April 2017.
^"FAA REGISTRY [N705FE]".Federal Aviation Administration. U.S. Department of Transportation.Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved11 April 2017.
^Green, William.The Observers Book of Aircraft. Frederick Warne & Co. Ltd, 1970.ISBN0-7232-0087-4.
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