 | |
.jpg) Fannie Mae's headquarters in Washington, D.C. | |
| Company type | Government-sponsored public company underFHFA conservatorship |
|---|---|
| OTCQB: FNMA | |
| Industry | Financial services |
| Founded | 1938; 88 years ago (1938) |
| Headquarters | Washington, D.C., U.S. |
Key people |
|
| Products | Mortgage-backed securities |
| Revenue |  US$29.069 billion (2024) |
 US$16.978 billion (2024) | |
| Total assets | US$4.350 trillion (2024) |
| Total equity | US$77.682 billion (2024) |
Number of employees | c. 8,100 (December 2023) |
| Website | fanniemae.com |
| Footnotes / references [1] | |
TheFederal National Mortgage Association (FNMA), commonly known asFannie Mae, is a United Statesgovernment-sponsored enterprise (GSE) that has been apublicly traded company since 1968. Founded in 1938 during theGreat Depression as part of theNew Deal,[2] the corporation was established to expand thesecondary mortgage market. It does this bysecuritizing mortgage loans intomortgage-backed securities (MBS),[3] which allows lenders to reinvest their assets into additional lending. This process effectively increases the number ofmortgage lenders by reducing reliance on localsavings and loan associations (or "thrifts").[4] Its brother organization is the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), better known asFreddie Mac.
As of 2025, Fannie Mae held over $4.3 trillion in assets, making it the largest company in the United States and the fifth largest company in the world by that metric.[5][6] In the 2025Fortune Global 500 rankings it placed 50th globally by total revenue.[5][6] In terms of profit, Fannie Mae is the 17th most profitable company in the United States and the 32nd in the world.[5][6]
Historically, most housing loans in the early 1900s in the United States were short term mortgage loans withballoon payments.[7] The Great Depression weakened the U.S. housing market, as people lost their jobs and were unable to make payments. By 1933, an estimated 20 to 25% of the nation's outstanding mortgage debt was in default.[8] This resulted in foreclosures in which nearly 25% of America's homeowners lost their homes to banks. To address this, Fannie Mae was established by the U.S. Congress in 1938 by amendments to theNational Housing Act[9] as part ofFranklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal. Originally chartered as the National Mortgage Association of Washington, the organization's explicit purpose was to provide local banks with federal money to finance home loans in an attempt to raise levels of home ownership and the availability of affordable housing.[10] Fannie Mae created a liquid secondary mortgage market and thereby made it possible for banks and other loan originators to issue more housing loans, primarily by buyingFederal Housing Administration (FHA) insured mortgages.[11] For the first thirty years following its inception, Fannie Mae held a monopoly over the secondary mortgage market.[10] Other considerations may have motivated the New Deal focus on the housing market: about a third of the nation's unemployed were in the building trade, and the government had a vested interest in getting them back to work by giving them homes to build.[12]
Fannie Mae was acquired by theHousing and Home Finance Agency from the Federal Loan Agency as a constituent unit in 1950.[13] In 1954, an amendment known as the Federal National Mortgage Association Charter Act[14] made Fannie Mae into "mixed-ownership corporation", meaning that federal government held the preferred stock while private investors held the common stock;[9] in 1968 it converted to a privately held corporation, to remove its activity and debt from thefederal budget.[15] In the 1968 change, arising from theHousing and Urban Development Act of 1968, Fannie Mae's predecessor (also called Fannie Mae) was split into the current Fannie Mae and theGovernment National Mortgage Association ("Ginnie Mae").
Ginnie Mae, which remained a government organization, guarantees FHA-insured mortgage loans as well asVeterans Administration (VA) andFarmers Home Administration (FmHA) insured mortgages. As such, Ginnie Mae is the only home-loan agency explicitly backed by the full faith and credit of the United States government.[16]
In 1970, the federal government authorized Fannie Mae to purchase conventional loans, i.e. those not insured by the FHA, VA, or FmHA, and created theFederal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FHLMC), colloquially known as Freddie Mac, to compete with Fannie Mae and thus facilitate a more robust and efficient secondary mortgage market.[16] That same year FNMA went public on New York and Pacific Exchanges.[17]
In 1981, Fannie Mae issued its first mortgage pass-through and called it amortgage-backed security. Ginnie Mae had guaranteed the first mortgage pass-through security of an approved lender in 1968[18] and in 1971 Freddie Mac issued its first mortgage pass-through, called aparticipation certificate, composed primarily of private mortgage loans.[18]
In 1992, PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush signed theHousing and Community Development Act of 1992.[19] The Act amended the charter of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac to reflect the Democratic Congress' view that theGSEs "have an affirmative obligation to facilitate the financing of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families in a manner consistent with their overall public purposes, while maintaining a strong financial condition and a reasonable economic return".[20] For the first time, the GSEs were required to meet "affordable housing goals" set annually by theDepartment of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) and approved by Congress. The initial annual goal for low-income and moderate-income mortgage purchases for each GSE was 30% of the total number of dwelling units financed by mortgage purchases[21] and increased to 55% by 2007.
In 1999, Fannie Mae came under pressure from theClinton administration to expand mortgage loans to low and moderate income borrowers by increasing the ratios of their loan portfolios in distressed inner city areas designated in theCommunity Reinvestment Act (CRA) of 1977.[22]
In 1999,The New York Times reported that with the corporation's move towards the subprime market "Fannie Mae is taking on significantly more risk, which may not pose any difficulties during flush economic times. But the government-subsidized corporation may run into trouble in an economic downturn, prompting a government rescue similar to that of the savings and loan industry in the 1980s."[23]
In 2000, because of a re-assessment of the housing market byHUD, anti-predatory lending rules were put into place that disallowed risky, high-cost loans from being credited toward affordable housing goals. In 2004, these rules were dropped and high-risk loans were again counted toward affordable housing goals.[25]
The intent was that Fannie Mae's enforcement of the underwriting standards they maintained for standard conforming mortgages would also provide safe and stable means of lending to buyers who did not have prime credit. AsDaniel Mudd, then president and CEO of Fannie Mae, testified in 2007, instead the agency's underwriting requirements drove business into the arms of the private mortgage industry who marketed aggressive products without regard to future consequences:
We also set conservative underwriting standards for loans we finance to ensure the homebuyers can afford their loans over the long term. We sought to bring the standards we apply to the prime space to the subprime market with our industry partners primarily to expand our services to underserved families.Unfortunately, Fannie Mae-quality, safe loans in the subprime market did not become the standard, and the lending market moved away from us. Borrowers were offered a range of loans that layeredteaser rates, interest-only,negative amortization and payment options and low-documentation requirements on top of floating-rate loans. In early 2005 we began sounding our concerns about this "layered-risk" lending. For example, Tom Lund, the head of our single-family mortgage business, publicly stated, "One of the things we don't feel good about right now as we look into this marketplace is more homebuyers being put into programs that have more risk. Those products are for more sophisticated buyers. Does it make sense for borrowers to take on risk they may not be aware of? Are we setting them up for failure? As a result, we gave up significant market share to our competitors."[26]
Alex Berenson ofThe New York Times reported in 2003 that Fannie Mae's risk was much larger than was commonly believed.[27]Nassim Taleb wrote inThe Black Swan: "The government-sponsored institution Fannie Mae, when I look at its risks, seems to be sitting on a barrel of dynamite, vulnerable to the slightest hiccup. But not to worry: their large staff of scientists deem these events 'unlikely'".[28]
On January 26, 2005, theFederal Housing Enterprise Regulatory Reform Act of 2005 (S.190) was first introduced by U.S. SenatorChuck Hagel.[29] The Senate legislation was an effort to reform the existing GSE regulatory structure in light of the recent accounting problems and questionable management actions leading to considerable income restatements by the GSEs. After being reported favorably by the Senate's Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in July 2005, the bill was never considered by the full Senate for a vote.[29] Sen. John McCain's decision to become a cosponsor of S.190 almost a year later in 2006 was the last action taken regarding Sen. Hagel's bill in spite of developments since clearing the Senate Committee. McCain pointed out that Fannie Mae's regulator reported that profits were "illusions deliberately and systematically created by the company's senior management" in his floor statement giving support to S.190.[30][31]
At the same time, the House also introduced similar legislation, theFederal Housing Finance Reform Act of 2005 (H.R. 1461), in the spring of 2005. The House Financial Services Committee had crafted changes and produced a committee report by July 2005 for the legislation. It was passed by the House in October in spite of President George W. Bush's opposition to the House version, which stated: "The regulatory regime envisioned by H.R. 1461 is considerably weaker than that which governs other large, complex financial institutions."[32] The legislation met with opposition from both Democrats and Republicans at that point and the Senate never took up the House passed version for consideration after that.[33]
Following their mission to meet federalHousing and Urban Development (HUD) housing goals, GSEs such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks) had striven to improve home ownership of low and middle income families and underserved areas generally through special affordable methods such as "the ability to obtain a 30-year fixed-rate mortgage with a low down payment ... and the continuous availability of mortgage credit under a wide range of economic conditions".[34] Then in 2003–2004, thesubprime mortgage crisis began.[35] The market shifted away from regulated GSEs and radically toward Mortgage Backed Securities (MBS) issued by unregulated private-label securitization (PLS) conduits, typically operated by investment banks.
As loan originators began to distribute more and more of their loans through private label PLS's, the GSEs lost the ability to monitor and control loan originators. Competition between the GSEs and private securitizers for loans further undermined GSEs' power and strengthened mortgage originators. This contributed to a decline in underwriting standards and was a major cause of the2008 financial crisis.
Investment bank securitizers were more willing to securitize risky loans because they generally retained minimal risk. Whereas the GSEs guaranteed the performance of their mortgage-backed securities (MBSs), private securitizers generally did not, and might only retain a thin slice of risk. Often, banks would offload this risk to insurance companies or other counterparties throughcredit default swaps, making their actual risk exposures extremely difficult for investors and creditors to discern.
The shift toward riskier mortgages and private label MBS distribution occurred asfinancial institutions sought to maintain earnings levels that had been elevated during 2001–2003 by an unprecedented refinancing boom due to historically low interest rates. Earnings depended on volume, so maintaining elevated earnings levels necessitated expanding the borrower pool using lower underwriting standards and new products that the GSEs would not (initially) securitize. Thus, the shift away from GSE securitization to private-label securitization (PLS) also corresponded with a shift in mortgage product type, from traditional, amortizing,fixed-rate mortgages (FRMs) to nontraditional, structurally riskier, nonamortizing, adjustable-rate mortgages (ARM's), and to the start of a sharp deterioration inmortgage underwriting standards.[35] The growth of PLS, however, forced the GSEs to lower their underwriting standards in an attempt to reclaim lost market share to please their private shareholders. Shareholder pressure pushed the GSEs into competition with PLS for market share, and the GSEs loosened their guarantee business underwriting standards in order to compete. In contrast, the wholly public FHA/Ginnie Mae maintained their underwriting standards and instead ceded market share.[35]
The growth of private-label securitization and lack of regulation in this part of the market resulted in the oversupply of underpriced housing finance.[35] That led, in 2006, to an increasing number of borrowers, often with poor credit, who were unable to pay their mortgages – particularly with adjustable rate mortgage loans(ARM), causing a precipitous increase in home foreclosures. As a result, home prices declined as increasing foreclosures added to the already large inventory of homes and stricter lending standards made it more difficult for borrowers to get loans. This depreciation in home prices led to growing losses for the GSEs, which back the majority of US mortgages. In July 2008, the government attempted to ease market fears by reiterating their view that "Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac play a central role in the US housing finance system". TheUS Treasury Department and theFederal Reserve took steps to bolster confidence in the corporations, including granting both corporations access to Federal Reserve low-interest loans (at similar rates as commercial banks) and removing the prohibition on the Treasury Department to purchase the GSEs' stock. Despite these efforts, by August 2008, shares of both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had tumbled more than 90% from their one-year prior levels.
On July 11, 2008,The New York Times reported that U.S. government officials were considering a plan for the U.S. government to take over Fannie Mae and/or Freddie Mac should their financial situations worsen due to the U.S. housing crisis.[36] Fannie Mae and smaller Freddie Mac owned or guaranteed a massive proportion of all home loans in the United States and so were especially hard hit by the slump.[37][38][39][40] The government officials also stated that the government had also considered calling for explicit government guarantee through legislation of $5 trillion on debt owned or guaranteed by the two companies.[40]
Fannie stock plunged on fears of bankruptcy or government seizure.[41]U.S. Treasury SecretaryHenry M. Paulson as well as the White House went on the air to defend the financial soundness of Fannie Mae in a last-ditch effort to prevent a total financial panic.[42][43] At that point, Fannie and Freddie underpinned the whole U.S. mortgage market. As recently as 2008, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac had owned or guaranteed about half of the U.S.'s $12 trillion mortgage market (equivalent to $17,110,000,000,000 in 2024).[36] If they were to collapse, mortgages would become harder to obtain and much more expensive. Since Fannie and Freddiebonds were owned by a variety of investors from theChinese government tomoney market funds and the retirement funds of hundreds of millions of people, bankruptcy would lead to mass upheaval on a global scale.[44]
The Administration PR effort was not enough, by itself, to save the GSEs. Their government directive to purchase bad loans from private banks, in order to prevent these banks from failing, as well as the 20 top banks falsely classifying loans as AAA, caused instability. Paulson's plan was to go in swiftly and seize the two GSEs, rather than provide loans as he did forAIG and the major banks; he told president Bush that "the first sound they hear will be their heads hitting the floor", in a reference to theFrench Revolution.[44] The major banks have since been sued by the Feds for a sum of $200,000,000, and some of the major banks have already settled.[45] In addition, a lawsuit has been filed against the federal government by the shareholders of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, for a) creating an environment by which Fannie and Freddie would be unable to meet their financial obligations b) forcing the executive management to sign over the companies to the conservator by (a), and c) the gross violation of the (fifth amendment) taking clause.
On September 7, 2008, James Lockhart, director of theFederal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA), announced that Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac were being placed intoconservatorship of the FHFA. The action was "one of the most sweeping government interventions in private financial markets in decades".[46][47][48] Lockhart also dismissed the firms' chief executive officers and boards of directors, and caused the issuance to the Treasury new senior preferred stock and common stock warrants amounting to 79.9% of each GSE. The value of the common stock and preferred stock to pre-conservatorship holders was greatly diminished by the suspension of future dividends on previously outstanding stock, in the effort to maintain the value of company debt and of mortgage-backed securities. FHFA stated that there are no plans to liquidate the company.[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]
The authority of the U.S. Treasury to advance funds for the purpose of stabilizing Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac is limited only by the amount of debt that the entire federal government is permitted by law to commit to. The July 30, 2008, law enabling expanded regulatory authority over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac increased the national debt ceiling by US$800 billion (equivalent to $1,141,000,000,000 in 2024), to a total of US$10.7 trillion in anticipation of the potential need for the Treasury to have the flexibility to support the federal home loan banks.[53][54][55]
On June 16, 2010, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac announced their stocks would be delisted from the NYSE. The Federal Housing Finance Agency directed the delisting after Fannie's stock traded below $1 a share for over 30 days. Since then the stocks have continued to trade on theOver-the-Counter Bulletin Board.[56]
In May 2013, Fannie Mae announced that it is going to pay a dividend of $59.4 billion (equivalent to $78,650,000,000 in 2024) to the United States Treasury.
In 2014, gross flows were:
Fannie Mae's 2014 financial results enabled it to pay $20.6 billion in dividends to Treasury for the year, resulting in a cumulative total of $134.5 billion in dividends through December 31, 2014 – approximately $18 billion more than Fannie Mae received in support. As of March 31, 2015, Fannie Mae expects to have paid a total of $136.4 billion in payments to the Treasury.[59][60][61][62]
On May 11, 2015The Wall Street Journal reported that A U.S. District Court judge saidNomura Holdings Inc. was not truthful in describing mortgage-backed securities sold to Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac, giving a victory to the companies' conservator, theFederal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA).Judge Denise Cote asked the FHFA to propose updated damages to be paid by Nomura and co-defendantRBS Securities Inc., which underwrote some of the investments. At the outset of the case, the FHFA asked for about $1.1 billion. The order brought to conclusion a rare trial addressing alleged mortgage-related infractions committed during the housing boom. Over the past few years, more than a dozen firms chose to settle similar allegations brought by the FHFA rather than face a court battle. Thesettlements have brought Fannie and Freddie $18 billion in penalties. In her decision, Judge Cote wrote that Nomura, in offering documents formortgage-backed securities sold to Fannie and Freddie, didn't accurately describe the loans' quality. "The magnitude of falsity, conservatively measured, is enormous", she wrote. During the boom, Fannie and Freddie invested billions of dollars in mortgage-backed securities issued by such companies as Nomura. Those investments bolstered profits but, in the bust, contributed to steep losses that ultimately resulted in the companies' 2008 government takeover. Nomura and RBS were two of 18 financial institutions, includingBank of America Corp. andGoldman Sachs Group Inc., targeted in 2011 by the FHFA, which alleged that the companies lied about the quality of the loans underlying the securities. During the nonjury trial, lawyers for the FHFA said that Nomura and RBS inflated values of homes behind some mortgages and sometimes said a home was owner-occupied when it was not.[63]
In October 2025, top Fannie Mae executives were fired after internally questioning the release by marketing head Lauren Smith – an associate ofBill Pulte, theTrump administration's FHFA director – of confidential mortgage pricing data to Freddie Mac, a principal competitor. Per theAssociated Press, "[w]hile Smith still holds her position, the senior Fannie Mae officials who called her conduct into question were all forced out of their jobs late [October], along with internal ethics watchdogs who were investigating Pulte and his allies."[64]
Fannie Mae makes money partly by borrowing at low rates, and then reinvesting its borrowings into whole mortgage loans and mortgage backed securities. It borrows in the debt markets by selling bonds, and provides liquidity to loan originators by purchasing whole loans. It purchases whole loans and then securitizes them for the investment market by creating MBS that are either retained or sold.[65][66]
As a Government Sponsored Enterprise, or GSE, Fannie Mae is compelled by law to provide liquidity to loan originators in all economic conditions. It must legally ignore adverse market conditions which appear to be unprofitable. If there are loans available for purchase that meet its predetermined underwriting standards, it must purchase them if no other buyers are available. Because of the size, scale, and scope of the United States single-family residential and commercial residential markets, market participants viewed Fannie Mae corporate debt as having a very high probability of being repaid. Fannie Mae is able to borrow very inexpensively in the debt markets as a consequence of market perception. There usually exists a large difference between the rate at which it can borrow and the rate at which it can "lend". This was called "The big, fat gap" by Alan Greenspan. By August 2008, Fannie Mae's mortgage portfolio was in excess of $700 billion (equivalent to $998,400,000,000 in 2024).[67]
Fannie Mae also earns a significant portion of its income from guaranty fees it receives as compensation for assuming the credit risk on mortgage loans underlying its single-family Fannie Mae MBS and on the single-family mortgage loans held in its retained portfolio. Investors, or purchasers of Fannie Mae MBSs, are willing to let Fannie Mae keep this fee in exchange for assuming the credit risk; that is, Fannie Mae's guarantee that the scheduled principal and interest on the underlying loan will be paid even if the borrower defaults.[68][69][70]
Fannie Mae's charter has historically prevented it from guaranteeing loans with a loan-to-values over 80% withoutmortgage insurance or a repurchase agreement with the lender;[9] however, in 2006 and 2007 Fannie Mae did purchasesubprime andAlt-A loans as investments.[71]
Fannie Mae is a purchaser of mortgages loans and the mortgages that secure them, which it packages into mortgaged-backed securities (MBS). Fannie Mae buys loans from approved mortgage sellers and securitizes them; it then sells the resultant mortgage-backed security to investors in thesecondary mortgage market, along with a guarantee that the stated principal and interest payments will be timely passed through to the investor.[72][73][74] In addition, Fannie MBS, like those of Freddie Mac MBS and Ginnie Mae MBS, are eligible to be traded in the "to-be-announced" or "TBA" market.[75] By purchasing the mortgages, Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac provide banks and other financial institutions with fresh money to make new loans. This gives the United States housing and credit markets flexibility and liquidity.[76]
In order for Fannie Mae to provide its guarantee to mortgage-backed securities it issues, it sets the guidelines for the loans that it will accept for purchase, called "conforming" loans. Fannie Mae produced an automated underwriting system (AUS) tool called Desktop Underwriter (DU) which lenders can use to automatically determine if a loan is conforming; Fannie Mae followed this program up in 2004 with Custom DU, which allows lenders to set custom underwriting rules to handle nonconforming loans as well.[77] Thesecondary market for nonconforming loans includesjumbo loans, which are loans larger than the maximum that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac will purchase. In early 2008, the decision was made to allow TBA (To-be-announced)-eligiblemortgage-backed securities to include up to 10% "jumbo" loans.[78]
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have a limit on the maximum sized loan they will guarantee. This is known as the "conforming loan limit". The conforming loan limit for Fannie Mae, along with Freddie Mac, is set by Office of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight (OFHEO), the regulator of both GSEs. OFHEO annually sets the limit of the size of aconforming loan based on the October to October changes in mean home price, above which a mortgage is considered a non-conformingjumbo loan. The conforming loan limit is 50 percent higher inAlaska and Hawaii. The GSEs only buy loans that are conforming to repackage into the secondary market, lowering the demand for non-conforming loans.[79][80][81][82][83] By virtue of the law of supply and demand, then, it is harder for lenders to sell these loans in the secondary market; thus these types of loans tend to cost more to borrowers (typically 1/4 to 1/2 of a percent). Indeed, in 2008, since the demand for bonds not guaranteed by GSEs was almost non-existent, non-conforming loans were priced nearly 1% to 1.5% higher than conforming loans.[84][85]
Originally, Fannie had an "explicit guarantee" from the government; if it got in trouble, the government promised to bail it out. This changed in 1968. Ginnie Mae was split off from Fannie. Ginnie retained the explicit guarantee. Fannie, however, became a private corporation, chartered by Congress and with a direct line of credit to the US Treasury. It was its nature as a Government Sponsored Enterprise (GSE) that provided the "implied guarantee" for their borrowing. The charter also limited their business activity to the mortgage market. In this regard, although they were a private company, they could not operate like a regular private company.[86][87][88][89][90]
Fannie Mae received no direct government funding or backing; Fannie Mae securities carried no actual explicit government guarantee of being repaid. This was clearly stated in the law that authorizes GSEs, on the securities themselves, and in many public communications issued by Fannie Mae.[86] Neither the certificates nor payments of principal and interest on the certificates were explicitly guaranteed by the United States government. The certificates did not legally constitute a debt or obligation of the United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities other than Fannie Mae. During the sub-prime era, every Fannie Mae prospectus read in bold, all-caps letters: "The certificates and payments of principal and interest on the certificates are not guaranteed by the United States, and do not constitute a debt or obligation of the United States or any of its agencies or instrumentalities other than Fannie Mae." (Verbiage changed from all-caps to standard case for readability).[91]
However, the implied guarantee, as well as various special treatments given to Fannie by the government, greatly enhanced its success.
For example, the implied guarantee allowed Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac to save billions in borrowing costs, as their credit rating was very good. Estimates by the Congressional Budget Office and the Treasury Department put the figure at about $2 billion per year.[92] Vernon L. Smith, recipient of the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences, has called FHLMC and FNMA "implicitly taxpayer-backed agencies".[93] The Economist has referred to "the implicit government guarantee"[94] of FHLMC and FNMA. In testimony before the House and Senate Banking Committee in 2004, Alan Greenspan expressed the belief that Fannie Mae's (weak) financial position was the result of markets believing that the U.S. Government would never allow Fannie Mae (or Freddie Mac) to fail.[95]
Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were allowed to hold less capital than normal financial institutions: e.g., they were allowed to sell mortgage-backed securities with only half as much capital backing them up as would be required of other financial institutions. Regulations exist through the FDIC Bank Holding Company Act that govern the solvency of financial institutions. The regulations require normal financial institutions to maintain a capital/asset ratio greater than or equal to 3%.[96] The GSEs, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, are exempt from this capital/asset ratio requirement and can, and often do, maintain a capital/asset ratio less than 3%. The additional leverage allows for greater returns in good times, but put the companies at greater risk in bad times, such as during thesubprime mortgage crisis. FNMA is exempt from state and local taxes, except for certain taxes on real estate.[97] In addition, FNMA and FHLMC are exempt from SEC filing requirements; they file SEC 10-K and 10-Q reports, but many other reports, such as certain reports regarding their REMIC mortgage securities, are not filed.[98][99][100]
Lastly,money market funds have diversification requirements, so that not more than 5% of assets may be from the same issuer. That is, a worst-case default would drop a fund not more than five percent. However, these rules do not apply to Fannie and Freddie. It would not be unusual to find a fund that had the vast majority of its assets in Fannie and Freddie debt.[101][102]
In 1996, theCongressional Budget Office wrote "there have been no federal appropriations for cash payments or guarantee subsidies. But in the place of federal funds the government provides considerable unpriced benefits to the enterprises ... Government-sponsored enterprises are costly to the government and taxpayers ... the benefit is currently worth $6.5 billion annually."[103]
FNMA is a financial corporation which usesderivatives to "hedge" its cash flow. Derivative products it uses includeinterest rate swaps and options to enter interest rate swaps ("pay-fixed swaps", "receive-fixed swaps", "basis swaps", "interest rate caps andswaptions", "forward starting swaps").[104] Duration gap is a financial and accounting term for the difference between the duration of assets and liabilities, and is typically used by banks, pension funds, or other financial institutions to measure their risk due to changes in the interest rate.[105]
In late 2004, Fannie Mae was under investigation for its accounting practices. TheOffice of Federal Housing Enterprise Oversight released a report[106] on September 20, 2004, alleging widespread accounting errors.
Fannie Mae was expected to spend more than $1 billion (equivalent to $1,493,000,000 in 2024) in 2006 alone to complete its internal audit and bring it closer to compliance. The necessary restatement was expected to cost $10.8 billion, but was completed at a total cost of $6.3 billion in restated earnings as listed in Fannie Mae's Annual Report on Form 10-K.[107]
Concerns with business and accounting practices at Fannie Mae predate the scandal itself. On June 15, 2000, the House Banking Subcommittee On Capital Markets, Securities And Government-Sponsored Enterprises held hearings on Fannie Mae.[108]
On December 18, 2006, U.S. regulators filed 101 civil charges againstchief executiveFranklin Raines; chief financial officer J. Timothy Howard; and the formercontroller Leanne G. Spencer. The three were accused of manipulating Fannie Mae earnings to maximize their bonuses. The lawsuit sought to recoup more than $115 million (equivalent to $182,500,000 in 2024) in bonus payments, collectively accrued by the trio from 1998 to 2004, and about $100 million in penalties for their involvement in the accounting scandal. After 8 years of litigation, in 2012, a summary judgment was issued clearing the trio, indicating the government had insufficient evidence that would enable any jury to find the defendants guilty.[109]
In June 2008,The Wall Street Journal reported that two former CEOs of Fannie Mae,James A. Johnson andFranklin Raines, had received loans below market rate fromCountrywide Financial. Fannie Mae was the biggest buyer of Countrywide's mortgages.[110] The "Friends of Angelo" VIP Countrywide loan program included many people from Fannie Mae; lawyers, executives, etc.[111]
Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac have given contributions to lawmakers currently sitting on committees that primarily regulate their industry: The House Financial Services Committee; the Senate Banking, Housing & Urban Affairs Committee; or the Senate Finance Committee.[112] The others have seats on the powerful Appropriations or Ways & Means committees, are members of the congressional leadership or have run for president.[113]
In December 2011, six Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac executives, includingDaniel Mudd, were charged by theU.S. Securities and Exchange Commission with securities fraud.[114] "The SEC alleges they 'knew and approved of' misleading statements claiming the companies had minimal exposure to subprime loans at the height of home mortgage bubble."[115] Former Freddie chief financial officer Anthony "Buddy" Piszel, who in February 2011, was CFO ofCoreLogic, "had received a notice from the SEC that the agency was considering taking action against him". He then resigned from CoreLogic. Piszel was not among the executives charged in December 2011.[116] Piszel had been succeeded at Freddie byDavid Kellermann. Kellermanncommitted suicide during his tenure at Freddie.
A contemporaneous report on the SEC charges continued:
The SEC said Mudd's misconduct included knowingly giving false testimony to Congress.
Mudd said last week that the government approved Fannie Mae's disclosures during his tenure.
"Now it appears that the government has negotiated a deal to hold the government, and government-appointed executives who have signed the same disclosures since my departure, blameless – so that it can sue individuals it fired years ago," he said in a statement last week.[116]
Daniel Mudd settled his case with the SEC in August 2016, ending one of the agency’s last civil actions tied to the housing crisis; the settlement did not include an admission of wrongdoing.[117]
Other defendants reached earlier settlements: the three former Freddie Mac executives (including Richard Syron, Patricia Cook and David Bisenius) settled their cases previously, and two former Fannie Mae executives (Enrico Dallavecchia and Thomas Lund) also reached settlements before Mudd’s resolution.[118][119]
The SEC had sought disgorgement, civil penalties, injunctive relief and officer-and-director bars in its complaints, and the settlements generally allowed the defendants to resolve the civil claims without admitting liability.[120][117]
In 2011, the agency had a number of other big banks in the crosshairs as well.JPMorgan Chase was one of 18 financial institutions theFHFA sued back in 2011, accusing them of selling to Fannie and Freddie securities that "had different and more risky characteristics than the descriptions contained in the marketing and sales materials".[121] The proposed JPMorgan settlement covered only civil charges, and would not settle the question of whether any individual executives engaged in wrongdoing. In November 2013, JPMorgan reached a $13 billion settlement with the U.S. government and various state and federal entities to resolve civil claims arising from its issuance, packaging, marketing and sale of residential mortgage-backed securities (RMBS), including assets acquired via Washington Mutual (WaMu) and Bear Stearns.[121] There is an ongoing federal criminal probe based in Sacramento, Calif., the state where Washington Mutual was based. JPMorgan originally sought to be protected from any criminal charges as part of this deal, but that request was rejected by the government.[122]
Fannie and Freddie, the government-backed housing finance firms, sustained massive losses onmortgage-backed securities as the housing market imploded, requiring abailout of over $187 billion. The firms have been controlled by the FHFA since their 2008 rescue. Swiss lenderUBS has already reached an $885 million settlement with the FHFA in connection with losses Fannie and Freddie sustained on over $6.4 billion worth of mortgage securities. The agency also settled for undisclosed sums earlier that year withCitigroup andGeneral Electric. Later, details revealed that the Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) settled with Citigroup for $250 million and with General Electric (GE) for $6.25 million over losses Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac sustained on mortgage-backed securities.[123][124][125] These settlements, reached in 2013, resolved claims that Citigroup misled the agencies on roughly $3.5 billion in securities and that GE did so on $549 million sold to Freddie Mac. Both amounts were initially undisclosed but later confirmed in FHFA's summaries of its private-label securities litigation.[125][126]
The FHFA was reportedly seeking $4 billion from JPMorgan to resolve its claims over $33 billion worth of securities sold to Fannie and Freddie by JPMorgan,Bear Stearns andWaMu.Bank of America (BAC), which acquiredCountrywide andMerrill Lynch during the2008 financial crisis, could be liable for even more. The Charlotte-based firm was facing claims from the FHFA over $57 billion worth of mortgage bonds. The matter was resolved in 2014, when the firm agreed to a settlement valued at 9.33 billion USD, consisting of cash payments and the repurchase of certain securities.[127][128]
In all, the 18 FHFA lawsuits cover more than $200 billion in allegedly misrepresented securities. The question of whether any individual bankers will be held to account is another matter. Thus, by far, the criminal cases related to packaging and sale of mortgage-backed securities have been conspicuously absent.
On May 29, 2013, theLos Angeles Times reported that a formerforeclosure specialist at Fannie Mae has been charged but pleaded "not guilty" to accepting akickback from an Arizonareal estate broker in aSanta Ana Federal court. Another lawsuit filed earlier inOrange CountySuperior Court, this one forwrongful termination, has been filed against Fannie Mae by an employee who claims she was fired when she tried to alert management to kickbacks. The employee claims that she started voicing her suspicions in 2009.[129]
The current Board of Directors as of Nov. 2025 consists of:[134]
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On May 8, 2013, RepresentativeScott Garrett introduced theBudget and Accounting Transparency Act of 2014 (H.R. 1872; 113th Congress) into theUnited States House of Representatives during the113th United States Congress. The bill, if it were passed, intended to modify the budgetary treatment of federal credit programs, such as Fannie Mae andFreddie Mac.[137] The bill would require that the cost of direct loans or loan guarantees be recognized in the federal budget on a fair-value basis using guidelines set forth by theFinancial Accounting Standards Board.[137] The changes made by the bill wmant that Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac were counted on the budget instead of considered separately and would mean that the debt of those two programs would be included in the national debt.[138] These programs themselves would not be changed, but how they are accounted for in theUnited States federal budget would be. The goal of the bill was to improve the accuracy of how some programs are accounted for in the federal budget.[139]
On April 7, 2014, the House passed the bill (230–165).[140] The bill was received in the Senate on April 8, 2014, then read twice and referred to the Senate Budget Committee. No further action is recorded.[141][142] Because the bill was never passed by the Senate, it did not become law. That means its changes (e.g., to require “fair-value” accounting of federal credit programs such as those involving Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac) were not adopted.[143][144]
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