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Masako
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_(2).jpg) Masako in 2023 | |
| Empress consort of Japan | |
| Tenure | 1 May 2019 – present |
| Enthronement | 22 October 2019 |
| Born | Masako Owada (小和田雅子) (1963-12-09)9 December 1963 (age 62) Minato, Tokyo, Japan |
| Spouse | |
| Issue | Aiko, Princess Toshi |
| House | Imperial House of Japan (by marriage) |
| Father | Hisashi Owada |
| Mother | Yumiko Egashira |
| Signature |  |
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Masako (Japanese:雅子; bornMasako Owada (小和田雅子,Owada Masako); 9 December 1963) isEmpress of Japan as the wife ofEmperor Naruhito.
Born inMinato, Tokyo, Masako was educated atBelmont High School inMassachusetts, United States, before attendingHarvard College, earning aBachelor of Arts degree with the distinction ofmagna cum laude ineconomics.[1] She also studied law at theUniversity of Tokyo and international relations atBalliol College, Oxford. After completing her studies, she worked for Japan'sMinistry of Foreign Affairs as a diplomat.
Masako met Crown Prince Naruhito in 1986. They married in 1993 and their only child,Aiko, Princess Toshi, was born in 2001. The birth of Princess Aiko fueled the ongoingJapanese imperial succession debate, which had led some politicians to favor rescinding the agnatic primogeniture imposed by theAllies of World War II on theConstitution of Japan. However, with the birth of a son to Naruhito's brother,Fumihito, in 2006, no amendments were made and Princess Aiko remains ineligible to inherit the throne.
The pressure to produce a male heir affected Masako's health. She was diagnosed withadjustment disorder in 2004, which forced her to withdraw from public life periodically. As crown princess and later empress, Masako has accompanied her husband on official visits abroad and at ceremonies in the imperial court.[2]
Masako Owada (小和田雅子,Owada Masako) was born on 9 December 1963 at Toranomon Hospital inToranomon, Minato, Tokyo.[3] She is the eldest daughter of Yumiko Egashira (b. 1938) andHisashi Owada (b. 1932), a seniordiplomat and former president of theInternational Court of Justice. She has two younger sisters,twins named Setsuko and Reiko (b. 1966).[4]
Masako went to live inMoscow with her parents when she was two years old, where she attended Detskiy Sad (kindergarten in Russian) No. 1127 daycare.[5] At the age of five, Masako's family moved toNew York City, where she attended kindergarten at Public School 81 inRiverdale.[6][7]
In 1971, the Owadas returned to Japan, moving in with Masako's maternal grandparents inMeguro while Hisashi returned to the Foreign Ministry office.[8] She entered Futaba Gakuen, a private Roman Catholic girls' school inDen-en-chōfu, Tokyo.[9] Established by theCongregation of the Holy Infant Jesus in 1872, Masako's mother and maternal grandmother had graduated from this school as well.[9] It was here that Masako learned to play piano and tennis, joined a handicrafts club, and became interested in animals, tending several after school and deciding to become aveterinarian.[10] Masako also studied her fourth and fifth languages,French andGerman.[11] With a school friend, Masako revived Futaba's softball team, serving asthird base and after three years bringing her team to the district championships.[12]
In 1979, her second year ofsenior high school, Masako and her family moved to theUnited States and settled in theBoston suburb ofBelmont, Massachusetts, where her father became a guest professor of international law atHarvard University'sCenter for International Affairs.[13] In 1981, she graduated fromBelmont High School, where she was president of theNational Honor Society[14] and participated in the school's math team and French club.[13] Masako joined the school's softball team and won aGoethe Society award for herGerman poetry.[13] Masako participated in a production ofM*A*S*H.[13]
Masako's father was posted toMoscow after her high school graduation, but Masako remained in Boston to continue her education;[15] In 1981 she enrolled atHarvard College,[16] where she chaired the school's Japan Society, "became quite close friends with the then Japanese consul in Boston, and volunteered as a kind of self-appointed diplomat and cultural ambassador"[17] in the wake of mountingJapan–United States trade tension. Masako liked to ski and traveled overseas during vacations, staying with a host family inFrance and studying at theGoethe-Institut.[15] Masako is fluent in English and in French, which she learned in 1983 at the University Center for French Studies atUniversité Grenoble Alpes.[18] Masako worked withJeffrey Sachs to obtain aB.A.magna cum laude ineconomics in March 1985.[19]
After graduation Masako moved back to Japan, where for six months (April to October 1986) she studied law at theUniversity of Tokyo to prepare for theJapanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs's entrance examination.[20][21] Out of 800 applicants only 28 passed;[21] Masako was one of them, along with two other women.[21][22]
"She was assigned, first, to the oddly named Second International Organizations Division which deals with Japan's relations with international agencies, such as theOECD, a club of 30 rich countries committed to free trade and development. Her assignments included dealing with the OECD's environmental affairs committee ... by all accounts she acquitted herself well—her command of spoken languages, so rare in Japan, was a huge advantage—and was popular with most of her workmates."[23] During her free time, Masako attended cooking classes to, according to interviews with her instructor, "be able to cook proper Japanese dishes when she was entertaining [foreigners]."[24]
Two years later, in 1988, Masako was chosen by the Ministry to be sponsored for two years' postgraduate study overseas with full pay, just as her father Hisashi had been years earlier.[25] Masako "desperately wanted to go back to Harvard to do her master's". According to her former Harvard adviser Oliver Oldman, she "tried to re-enroll to work towards ... a Juris Doctor. However, Harvard's bureaucrats would not give her credit for her study-time at the University of Tokyo."[26] Therefore, Masako enrolled in her second choice, studyinginternational relations underSir Adam Roberts[27] atBalliol College, Oxford.[28] However, for unclear reasons Masako did not finish her thesis[29] and instead returned to Japan in 1990.
Masako first metPrince Naruhito at a tea forInfanta Elena of Spain, in November 1986,[30][31] during her studies at theUniversity of Tokyo. The prince was immediately captivated by her[22][32] and arranged for them to meet several times over the next few weeks.[33] Because of this they were pursued relentlessly by the press throughout 1987.[4][34]However, Masako's name disappeared from the list of possible royal brides due to controversy about her maternal grandfather, Yutaka Egashira, who while working for theIndustrial Bank of Japan was assigned to take over management of one of its debtors theChisso Corporation to prevent it from financial collapse.[35] Chisso, built in the 1930s, dumped themethylmercury used to makeacetaldehyde (a chemical in plastic) into the water surroundingMinamata and other towns, causing the infamousMinamata disease and the resulting scandal.[35]
Despite this controversy and Masako's travelling toOxford University'sBalliol College for the next two years, Naruhito remained interested in her. Masako refused to marry the prince because it would force her to give up her promising career in diplomacy and severely restrict her independence and freedoms.[22] Masako finally accepted his third proposal on 9 December 1992.[22] It was reported that he argued that serving as Crown Princess of Japan would only be "another form of diplomacy" before she finally accepted this third proposal.[36] TheImperial Household Council formally announced the engagement on 19 January 1993; the engagement ceremony was held on 12 April 1993. Although many were surprised at the news, as it was believed that the prince and Masako had separated, the engagement was met with a surge of renewed media attention directed toward the Imperial family and their new princess.
Masako married Crown Prince Naruhito in a traditional wedding ceremony on 9 June 1993.[37] By virtue of the marriage, Masako Owada assumed the formal styleHer Imperial Highness The Crown Princess of Japan. As tradition dictates, upon her entry into the imperial family and like other members, she received the blossom of the endemic curly-leaved Japanese Ramanas rose (o-shirushi (お印)):Rosa rugosa (hamanasu, beach aubergine (ハマナス))[38][39] for an imperial personalemblem, which is mauve-lilac to crimson or white (rarely with cultivars to full or burst yellow),[40] while her insignia as Crown Princess bear the forms of the imperial household's antique gold-traced white chrysanthemum.[41] In addition, she was placed in the Japanese Imperial Order of Precedence (used for the most formal occasions) behind her mother-in-law,Empress Michiko, and her grandmother-in-law,Empress Dowager Nagako. Theorchid flowerDendrobium cultivarMasako Kotaishi Hidenka was named in her honour to celebrate the wedding.[42]
Masako became the third commoner to marry into the imperial family, after her mother-in-law,Empress Emerita Michiko (Michiko Shōda) and her sister-in-law,Crown Princess Kiko (Kiko Kawashima).
Masako's first pregnancy was announced in December 1999, but shemiscarried.[16]
The Emperor and Empress have one daughter:Aiko, Princess Toshi (敬宮愛子内親王,Toshi-no-miya Aiko Naishinnō; born 1 December 2001 at Imperial Household Agency Hospital inTokyo Imperial Palace).[43][44]
Their daughter's birth, which occurred more than eight years after their marriage, sparkedlively debate in Japan about whetherThe Imperial Household Law of 1947 should be changed from that ofagnatic primogeniture to either cognatic or absolute primogeniture, which would allow a woman to succeed to theChrysanthemum Throne.
A government-appointed panel of experts submitted a report on 25 October 2005, recommending that the Imperial Succession Law be amended to permit absolute primogeniture. On 20 January 2006, Prime MinisterJunichiro Koizumi used part of his annual keynote speech to address the controversy when he pledged to submit a bill to theNational Diet letting women ascend to the throne in order that the imperial throne be continued in a stable manner. Koizumi did not announce a timing for the legislation to be introduced nor did he provide details about the content, but he did note that it would be in line with the conclusions of the 2005 Government Panel.
Plans to change the male-only law of Imperial succession were shelved after it was announced in February 2006 that Masako's brother-in-law and his wife,Prince andPrincess Akishino, were expecting their third child. On 6 September 2006, Princess Akishino gave birth to a son,Hisahito, who was third-in-line to the Chrysanthemum Throne under the current law, after his uncle, the then-Crown Prince Naruhito, and his father, Prince Akishino.[45][46][47]
In 1994, the couple visitedSaudi Arabia,Oman,Qatar andBahrain. They visitedKuwait, theUnited Arab Emirates andJordan in 1995, and again traveled to Jordan in 1999.[48] In 1999, they also went toBelgium to attend the wedding ofPrince Philippe, Duke of Brabant.[48] In 2002, they paid a visit toNew Zealand andAustralia.[48] In 2006, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess went to theNetherlands with their daughter, Princess Aiko, at the invitation ofQueen Beatrix for a private visit.[49]
On 30 April 2013, the Crown Prince and Crown Princess were present at the inauguration of KingWillem-Alexander of the Netherlands, which was the Crown Princess's first official overseas appearance in eleven years.[50][51][52] In October 2014, she was present at a banquet held in honour of King Willem-Alexander andQueen Máxima at the Tokyo Imperial Palace, which was her first appearance in such a ceremony in eleven years.[53] She welcomed the couple during an official ceremony at the palace which was her first appearance in a welcoming ceremony after five years.[53] In July 2015, Princess Masako traveled toTonga with the Crown Prince in order to attend the Coronation of KingTupou VI. Over 40 members of the Japanese media covered the event, during which the happy-looking Crown Princess was warmly welcomed.[54]
Upon the abdication of Masako's father-in-law, EmperorAkihito ofHeisei era on 30 April 2019, his eldest son, Crown Prince Naruhito became the 126thEmperor of Japan, and his wife, Masako becameempress consort on 1 May. The Emperor and Empress ofReiwa era wereenthroned (Sokui Rei Seiden no Gi) at theTokyo Imperial Palace on 22 October 2019.
Naruhito and Masako's first trip abroad as emperor and empress took place in September 2022, to theUnited Kingdom to attend thestate funeral of QueenElizabeth II.[55][56] They visitedIndonesia in June 2023, their first state visit.[57][58]
In March 2024, Masako and Naruhito visitedWajima andSuzu, two cities affected by theNoto earthquake. The couple later visited an evacuation center inAnamizu on 12 April.[59]
Masako and Naruhito embarked on a three-day state visit to the United Kingdom in late June 2024, at the invitation ofKing Charles III.[60] The imperial couple had originally planned to visit in 2020 as guests of Queen Elizabeth II, but the state visit was cancelled due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[61] The rescheduled visit went ahead despite concerns of postponement due to theBritish general election campaign that began in late May.[62] It was the first state visit in modern times to take place during an active election campaign.[63]
On April 7, 2025 the imperial couple visitedIwo Jima to commemorate the 80th anniversary of theBattle of Iwo Jima, in the first visit to the island by a Japanese monarch since 1994.[64] In July 2025, the Imperial couple paid an eight-day state visit toMongolia at the invitation of PresidentUkhnaagiin Khürelsükh.[65][66]
Masako has periodically been out of the public eye, largely between 2004 and 2014,[67] reportedly due to emotional disorders speculated to be caused by the pressure to produce a male heir and adjusting to life in the Imperial Family.[68][69] In July 2004, she was diagnosed as suffering fromadjustment disorder and was reported to be seeking treatment.[70][71][72]
On 11 July 2008, Naruhito sought public understanding for his ailing wife. He was on an eight-day trip toSpain without her:[73] "I would like the public to understand that Masako is continuing to make her utmost efforts with the help of those around her. Please continue to watch over her kindly and over the long term." Pressures to produce a male heir, to conform with the ancient traditions and a1947 Imperial Household Law are perceived to be behind her illness, as well as negative media coverage of her behavior, the stress of royal responsibility and public life, and turf battles among theImperial Household Agency.[74][75]
In December 2012, at the time of her 49th birthday, Masako issued a statement thanking the Japanese people for their support and saying that she was still receiving treatment for her illness.[76] The Japanese Constitution does not allow the members of the Imperial Family to engage in political activities. Naruhito made controversial comments about discourtesies and pressures placed on his wife by the Imperial Household Agency and his wife's desire to pursue the life of a diplomat.[77]
In 2019, Masako accompanied her husband at official events and at his accession ceremonies. During the state visit of U.S. PresidentDonald Trump and First LadyMelania Trump to Japan in April, Masako and Naruhito conversed with them without interpreters; the imperial couple are both fluent in English. Her doctors stated that she has not fully recovered but a strong sense of duty has helped her fulfill her responsibilities.[78]
Austria:Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash for Services to the Republic of Austria (1999)[81]
Brazil: Grand Cross of theOrder of Rio Branco (13 March 2025)[82]
Hungary: Grand Cross of theOrder of Merit of the Republic of Hungary (2000)[83]
Malaysia: Honorary Grand Commander of theOrder of the Defender of the Realm (2012)[84]
Netherlands: Grand Cross of theOrder of the Crown (29 October 2014)[85][86]
Portugal: Grand Cross of theOrder of Prince Henry (2 December 1992)[87]
Spain: Dame Grand Cross of theRoyal Order of Isabella the Catholic (8 November 2008)[88]
Tonga:Her father Hisashi is descended from the Owadaclan, whose head Shinroku—Masako's 4th-great-grandfather[95]—was called toMurakami in 1787 to serve the Naito clan that theTokugawa shōgun had installed as the city's rulers 67 years earlier.[95] After the fall of the shogunate, the Owadas participated in a salmon-fishing cooperative,[96] the proceeds of which provided schooling for many local children, including Hisashi and his father Takeo.[96]
Her mother Yumiko is descended from the Egashiraclan which served theSaga clans nearNagasaki on the island ofKyushu. One of the Egashiras, Yasutaro, went on to command a battleship in theRusso-Japanese War.[3] Yumiko's father was a wealthy banker who was at the time of her marriage the managing director of theIndustrial Bank of Japan.[97]
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| Preceded by | Empress consort of Japan 2019–present | Incumbent |
Japanese princesses by marriage | ||
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The generations indicate the husband's descent fromEmperor Meiji, who founded theEmpire of Japan. | ||
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* also a princess ofJapan in her own right. | ||
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