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Emperor Kaika

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Legendary emperor of Japan
Emperor Kaika
開化天皇
Emperor of Japan
Reign158 BC – 98 BC (traditional)[1]
PredecessorKōgen
SuccessorSujin
Born208 BC[2]
Died98 BC (aged 110)
Burial
Kasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi (春日率川坂上陵) (Nara)
SpouseIkagashikome
Issue
among others...		Emperor Sujin
Posthumous name
Chinese-styleshigō:
Emperor Kaika (開化天皇)

Japanese-styleshigō:
Wakayamato-nekohiko-ōbibi no Sumeramikoto (稚日本根子彦大日日天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Kōgen
MotherUtsushikome
ReligionShinto

Emperor Kaika[a] (開化天皇,Kaika-tennō), also known asWakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Mikoto (若倭根子日子大毘毘命) in theKojiki, andWakayamato Nekohiko Ōbibi no Sumeramikoto (稚日本根子彦大日日天皇) in theNihon Shoki was the ninthlegendaryemperor of Japan, according to the traditionalorder of succession.[4][5] Very little is known about this Emperor due to a lack of material available for further verification and study. Kaika is known as a "legendary emperor" among historians as his actual existence is disputed. Nothing exists in theKojiki other than his name and genealogy. Kaika's reign allegedly began in 158 BC. He had one wife and three consorts whom he fathered five children with. After his death in 98 BC, one of his sons supposedly becameEmperor Sujin.[3][6]

Legendary narrative

[edit]

In theKojiki andNihon Shoki, only Kaika's name and genealogy were recorded. The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and an Imperialmisasagi or tomb for Kaika is currently maintained; however, no extant contemporary records have been discovered that confirm a view that this historical figure actually reigned. Kaika was born sometime in 208 BC, and is recorded as being the second son ofEmperor Kōgen.[2] His empress mother was namedUtsushikome, who was the daughter ofOyakuchisukune.[citation needed] Before he was enthroned sometime in 158 BC, his pre-ascension name wasPrince Nikohiko Ō-hibi no Mikoto.[6] The Kojiki records that he ruled from the palace ofSakaihara-no-miya (軽之堺原宮; and in theNihon Shoki as軽境原宮) at Karu in what would come to be known asYamato Province.[5] Emperor Kaika had a chief wife (empress) namedIkagashikome, along with three consorts of which he fathered five children with. Kaika ruled until his death in 98 BC; his second son was then enthroned asthe next emperor.[6] His son/heir to the throne wasposthumously namedSujin by later generations, and is the first emperor that historians say might have actually existed.[7]

Known information

[edit]
Official tomb of Emperor Kaika inNara.

The existence of at least the first nine Emperors is disputed due to insufficient material available for further verification and study.[8] Kaika is thus regarded by historians as a "legendary Emperor", and is considered to have been the eighth ofeight Emperors without specific legends associated with them.[b] The name Kaika-tennō was assigned to himposthumously by later generations.[10] His name might have been regularized centuries after the lifetime ascribed to Kaika, possibly during the time in which legends about the origins of theimperial dynasty were compiled as the chronicles known today as theKojiki.[9] While the actual site of Kaika'sgrave is not known, the Emperor is traditionally venerated at amemorialShintoshrine (misasagi) inNara. TheImperial Household Agency designates this location as Kaika'smausoleum, and its formal name isKasuga no Izakawa no saka no e no misasagi.[3][4]

LikeEmperor Kōshō andEmperor Kōrei, there is a possibility that"Kaika" could have lived instead in the 1st century (AD). HistorianLouis Frédéric notes this idea in his bookJapan Encyclopedia where he says "more likely early AD", but this remainsdisputed among other researchers.[6][11] The first emperor that historians state might have actually existed isEmperor Sujin, the 10th emperor of Japan.[7] Outside of the Kojiki, the reign ofEmperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography is able to assign verifiable dates.[14] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign ofEmperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[9]

Consorts and children

[edit]
  • Empress: Ikagashikome (伊香色謎命), Oohesoki's daughter
    • Prince Mimakiirihikoinie (御間城入彦五十瓊殖尊), laterEmperor Sujin
    • Princess Mimatsuhime (御真津比売命)
  • Consort: Taniwanotakano-hime (丹波竹野媛), Taniwa no Ooagatanushi Yugori's daughter
    • Prince Hikoyumusu (彦湯産隅命)
  • Consort: Hahatsu-hime (姥津媛), Prince Waninishisaihito's daughter
  • Consort: Washi-hime (鸇比売), Katsuragi no Tarumi no Sukune's daughter
    • Prince Taketoyohazurawake (建豊波豆羅和気王)

Family tree

[edit]
‹ Thetemplate below (Generations of Jimmu) is being considered for deletion. Seetemplates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[15]Ōkuninushi[16][17]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[18]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[19]
Kotoshironushi[20][21]Tamakushi-hime[19]Takeminakata[22][23]Susa Clan[24]
1Jimmu[25]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[25]Kamo no Okimi[20][26]Mirahime [ja]
2Suizei[27][28][29][30][31][32]2Isuzuyori-hime[30][31][32][26][33]Kamuyaimimi[27][28][29]
3Annei[34][20][30][31][32]〔Ō clan[35][36]〕〔Aso clan[37]〕3Nunasokonakatsu-hime[38][20]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4Itoku[34][20]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][34]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amonotoyototsu-hime[34]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5Emperor Kōshō[34][20][39]5Yosotarashi-hime[20]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6Emperor Kōan[20]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][39]Owari clan
6Oshihime[20][39]〔Wani clan〕[40]
7Emperor Kōrei[41][20][39][42]7Kuwashi-hime[42]
8Emperor Kōgen[43][42]8Utsushikome[43]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[41]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[44]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[e][46][47]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][47]9Emperor Kaika[43]Prince Ōhiko[48]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][47]10Emperor Sujin[49][50]10Mimaki-hime[51]〔Abe clan〕[48]
Takenouchi no Sukune[47]11Emperor Suinin[52][53]11Saho-hime[54]12Hibasu-hime[55]Yasaka Iribiko[56][57][58]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][59]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][41]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[60]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12Emperor Keiko[53][55]14Yasakairi-hime[56][57][58]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime[61]Yamato Takeru[62][63]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[62][63]
14Emperor Chūai[62][63][64]15Empress Jingū[65] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[65]16Nakatsuhime[66][67][68]
16Emperor Nintoku[69]


See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^The nameKaikwa has also been used.[3]
  2. ^Also known as the "eight undocumented monarchs" (欠史八代,Kesshi-hachidai)[9]
  3. ^The 29th Emperor[12][13]
  4. ^Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the imperial dynasty
  5. ^There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used byTsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used byWilliam George Aston.[45]

References

[edit]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylizedchrysanthemum blossom
  1. ^"Genealogy of the Emperors of Japan"(PDF).Kunaicho.go.jp. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on March 22, 2011. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  2. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  3. ^abcPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 30 & 418.
  4. ^ab"開化天皇 (9)".Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō) (in Japanese). RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  5. ^abBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 252.ISBN 9780520034600.
  6. ^abcdNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 451.ISBN 9780674017535.
  7. ^abYoshida, Reiji. (March 27, 2007)."Life in the Cloudy Imperial Fishbowl".The Japan Times Online. Japan Times. RetrievedMay 17, 2019.
  8. ^Kelly, Charles F."Kofun Culture".www.t-net.ne.jp. RetrievedMay 17, 2019.
  9. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 109,148–149.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  10. ^Brinkley, Frank (1915).A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.Posthumous names for the earthlyMikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of theRecords and theChronicles.
  11. ^Miller, R. A. (2003). "Journal of Asian History".Journal of Asian History.37 (2):212–214.JSTOR 41933346.Review ofJapan Encyclopedia
  12. ^Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Nihon Ōdai Ichiran (in French). Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. pp. 34–36.
  13. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 261–262.ISBN 9780520034600.
  14. ^Hoye, Timothy. (1999).Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78.ISBN 9780132712897.According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
  15. ^Philippi, Donald L. (2015).Kojiki. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–112.
  16. ^Atsushi, Kadoya; Tatsuya, Yumiyama (20 October 2005)."Ōkuninushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  17. ^Herbert, J. (2010).Shinto: At the Fountainhead of Japan. Routledge Library Editions: Japan. Taylor & Francis. p. 402.ISBN 978-1-136-90376-2. Retrieved2020-11-21.
  18. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (21 April 2005)."Ōnamuchi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  19. ^abThe Emperor's Clans: The Way of the Descendants, Aogaki Publishing, 2018.
  20. ^abcdefghijVarley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. Columbia University Press. p. 89.ISBN 9780231049405.
  21. ^Atsushi, Kadoya (28 April 2005)."Kotoshironushi". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  22. ^Sendai Kuji Hongi, Book 4 (先代舊事本紀 巻第四), inKeizai Zasshisha, ed. (1898).Kokushi-taikei, vol. 7 (国史大系 第7巻). Keizai Zasshisha. pp. 243–244.
  23. ^Chamberlain (1882).Section XXIV.—The Wooing of the Deity-of-Eight-Thousand-Spears.
  24. ^Tanigawa Ken'ichi [de] 『日本の神々 神社と聖地 7 山陰』（新装復刊） 2000年 白水社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9
  25. ^abKazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005)."Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived fromthe original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved2010-09-29.
  26. ^ab『神話の中のヒメたち　もうひとつの古事記』p94-97「初代皇后は「神の御子」」
  27. ^ab日本人名大辞典+Plus, デジタル版."日子八井命とは".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2022-06-01.
  28. ^abANDASSOVA, Maral (2019)."Emperor Jinmu in the Kojiki".Japan Review (32):5–16.ISSN 0915-0986.JSTOR 26652947.
  29. ^ab"Visit Kusakabeyoshimi Shrine on your trip to Takamori-machi or Japan".trips.klarna.com. Retrieved2023-03-04.
  30. ^abcNussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2002).Japan Encyclopedia. Harvard University Press. p. 32.ISBN 9780674017535.
  31. ^abcPonsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 29 & 418.
  32. ^abcBrown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 251.ISBN 9780520034600.
  33. ^『図説　歴代天皇紀』p42-43「綏靖天皇」
  34. ^abcdeAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  35. ^Grapard, Allan G. (2023-04-28).The Protocol of the Gods: A Study of the Kasuga Cult in Japanese History. University of California Press.ISBN 978-0-520-91036-2.
  36. ^Tenri Journal of Religion. Tenri University Press. 1968.
  37. ^Takano, Tomoaki; Uchimura, Hiroaki (2006).History and Festivals of the Aso Shrine. Aso Shrine, Ichinomiya, Aso City.: Aso Shrine.
  38. ^Anston, p. 143 (Vol. 1)
  39. ^abcdAnston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
  40. ^Watase, Masatada[in Japanese] (1983). "Kakinomoto no Hitomaro".Nihon Koten Bungaku Daijiten日本古典文学大辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo:Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588.OCLC 11917421.
  41. ^abcAston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  42. ^abc"Kuwashi Hime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-17.
  43. ^abcAnston, p. 149 (Vol. 1)
  44. ^Louis-Frédéric,"Kibitsu-hiko no Mikoto" inJapan Encyclopedia, p. 513.
  45. ^Ujiya, Tsutomu (1988).Nihon shoki. Grove Press. p. 121.ISBN 978-0-8021-5058-5.
  46. ^Aston, William George. (1896).Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 149–150.ISBN 9780524053478.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  47. ^abcdShimazu Norifumi (March 15, 2006)."Takeshiuchi no Sukune".eos.kokugakuin.ac.jp. RetrievedMay 16, 2019.
  48. ^abAsakawa, Kan'ichi (1903).The Early Institutional Life of Japan. Tokyo Shueisha. p. 140.ISBN 9780722225394.{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  49. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253.ISBN 9780520034600.
  50. ^Henshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  51. ^"Mimakihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  52. ^Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979).A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. p. 248 & 253–254.ISBN 9780520034600.
  53. ^abHenshall, Kenneth (2013-11-07).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press.ISBN 978-0-8108-7872-3.
  54. ^"Sahobime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  55. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. p. 63. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
  56. ^ab"Yasakairihime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-28.
  57. ^abKenneth Henshall (2013).Historical Dictionary of Japan to 1945. Scarecrow Press. p. 487.ISBN 9780810878723.
  58. ^abMemoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko (the Oriental Library), Issues 32-34.Toyo Bunko. 1974. pp. 63–64. Retrieved1 August 2019.
  59. ^"Saigū | 國學院大學デジタルミュージアム".web.archive.org. 2022-05-22. Retrieved2023-11-29.
  60. ^Brown Delmeret al. (1979).Gukanshō, p. 253; Varley, H. Paul. (1980).Jinnō Shōtōki, pp. 95-96;Titsingh, Isaac. (1834).Annales des empereurs du japon, p. 10.
  61. ^Kidder, Jonathan E. (2007).Himiko and Japan's Elusive Chiefdom of Yamatai: Archaeology, History, and Mythology. University of Hawaii Press. p. 344.ISBN 9780824830359.
  62. ^abcPackard, Jerrold M. (2000).Sons of Heaven: A Portrait of the Japanese Monarchy. FireWord Publishing, Incorporated. p. 45.ISBN 9781930782013.
  63. ^abcXinzhong, Yao (2003).Confucianism O - Z. Taylor & Francis US. p. 467.ISBN 9780415306539.
  64. ^Aston, William George. (1998).Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  65. ^abAston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  66. ^文也 (2019-05-26)."仲姫命とはどんな人？".歴史好きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
  67. ^"日本人名大辞典+Plus - 朝日日本歴史人物事典,デジタル版 - 仲姫命(なかつひめのみこと)とは？ 意味や使い方".コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved2023-01-19.
  68. ^"Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  69. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Further reading

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded byLegendary Emperor of Japan
158 BC – 98 BC		Succeeded by
Legendary
Jōmon
660 BC–291 BC
Yayoi
290 BC–269 AD
Yamato
Kofun
269–539
Asuka
539–710
Nara
710–794
Heian
794–1185
Kamakura
1185–1333
Northern Court
1333–1392
Muromachi
1333–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
1573–1603
Edo
1603–1868
Empire of Japan
1868–1947
Japan
1947–present

Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are inCE / AD *Imperial Consort andRegentEmpress Jingū is not traditionally listed.

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