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Emperor Ōjin

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Legendary emperor of Japan
Emperor Ōjin
応神天皇
Painting depicting Emperor Ōjin and his attendantTakenouchi no Sukune, Edo period.
Emperor of Japan
Reign270–310 (traditional)[1]
PredecessorJingū (de facto)[a]
Chūai (traditional)
SuccessorNintoku
Born201[2]
Umi (Fukuoka)
Died310 (aged 108–109)
Karushima no Toyoakira (Nara)
Burial
Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi (惠我藻伏崗陵) (Osaka)
SpouseNakatsuhime-no-Mikoto
Issue
among others...		Emperor Nintoku
Posthumous name
Chinese-styleshigō:
Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇)

Japanese-styleshigō:
Homuta no Sumeramikoto (誉田天皇)
HouseImperial House of Japan
FatherEmperor Chūai
MotherEmpress Jingū
ReligionShinto

Emperor Ōjin (応神天皇,Ōjin Tennō;Japanese pronunciation:[oː.(d)ʑiɴ,-(d)ʑinten.noꜜː][3]), also known asHondawake no Mikoto (誉田別尊; alternatively written譽田別命, 誉田別命, 品陀和気命, 譽田分命, 誉田別尊, 品陀別命) orHomuta no Sumeramikoto (譽田天皇), was the 15th (possibly legendary)Emperor of Japan, according to the traditionalorder of succession.[4][5] Both theKojiki and theNihon Shoki record events that took place during Ōjin's alleged lifetime. Ōjin is traditionally listed as the first emperor of theKofun period, and is primarily known for being thecontroversial son ofEmpress Jingū. Historians have mixed views on his factual existence; if Ōjin was indeed a historical figure, then it is assumed he reigned much later than he is attested.

No firm dates can be assigned to Ōjin's life or reign, but he is traditionally considered to have reigned from 270 to 310.[6] According to theShinto religion andBuddhism in Japan, Emperor Ōjin is the divine spirit of the deityHachiman (八幡神). While the location of Ōjin's grave (if any) is unknown, he is traditionally venerated at a memorial Shinto tomb. Modern historians have come to the conclusion that the title of "Emperor" and the name "Ōjin" was used by later generations to describe this possibly legendary Emperor.

Legendary narrative

[edit]

The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Ōjin is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from thepseudo-historicalKojiki andNihon Shoki, which are collectively known asKiki (記紀) orJapanese chronicles. These chronicles include legends and myths, as well as potential historical facts that have since beenexaggerated and/or distorted over time. The circumstances surrounding the future emperor's birth arecontroversial as they involve a supposed invasion of theKorean Peninsula as well as a biologically impossible gestation period (3 years). It is said by the Kiki that Ōjin was conceived but unborn when his fatherEmperor Chūai died.Empress Jingū then became a de facto ruler who allegedly invaded a "promised land" (Korea) out of revenge, then returned three years later to the Japanese mainland to give birth. The records state that Ōjin was born toEmpress Jingū inTsukushi Province sometime in 201 AD, and was given the nameHomutawake (誉田別尊). He became the crown prince at the age of four, but was not crowned Emperor until 270 AD at the age of 70. Emperor Ōjin supposedly lived in two palaces which are now located in present-dayOsaka. His reign lasted 40 years until his death in 310 AD, in all he fathered 28 children with one spouse and ten consorts. His fourth son Ōosazaki was later enthroned as thenext emperor in 313 AD.[7]

Known information

[edit]
Memorial Shinto shrine and mausoleum honoring Emperor Ōjin.

While the historical existence of Emperor Ōjin is debated among historians, there is a general consensus that he was "probably real". There is also an agreement that Ojin's three year conception period is mythical and symbolic, rather than realistic.William George Aston has suggested that this can be interpreted as a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. threeharvests.[8] If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested.[9][10][11] Dates of his actual reign have been proposed to be as early as 370 to 390 AD, to as late as the early 5th century AD.[9] At least one Japanese historian has cast doubt on this theory though, by revising a supporting statement given in 1972. In this new narrative Louis Perez states: "only kings and emperors after the reign of Ojin... ...are seen as historical figures".[12][13] In either case there is also no evidence to suggest that the titletennō was used during the time to which Ōjin's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Ōjin-tennō was more than likely assigned to himposthumously by later generations.[14]

While the actual site of Ōjin'sgrave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at akofun-type Imperial tomb inOsaka. TheImperial Household Agency designates this location as Ōjin'smausoleum, and is formally namedEega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi.[15] At some point Ōjin was made a guardianKami of theHata clan, and is now also deified asHachiman Daimyōjin.[b] Outside of theKiki, the reign ofEmperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[17] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign ofEmperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[18]

Family

[edit]

Emperor Ōjin's family allegedly consisted of 28 children, which include 2 unnamed princesses from a previous marriage. He had one spouse who bore him a son that would become the next Emperor, as well as 10 consorts.

Spouse & concubines

[edit]
Nakatsuhime Kami Statue
PositionNameFatherIssue
KōgōNakatsu-hime
(仲姫命)		Homudamawaka • Princess Arata
 • Prince Netori
 • Prince Ōosazaki[e]
(laterEmperor Nintoku)
ConsortTakaki no iri-hime [ja]
(高城入姫命)		Homudamawaka • Prince Izanomawaka
 • Princess Komukuta
 • Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko
 • Princess Ohara
 • Prince Ōyamamori
ConsortOto-hime
(弟姫命)		Homudamawaka • Princess Ahe
 • Princess Awaji no Mihara
 • Princess Ki no Uno
 • Princess Mino no Iratsume
 • Princess Shigehara
ConsortMiyanushiyaka-hime
(宮主宅媛)		Wani no Hifure no Omi • Princess Metori
 • Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko
 • Princess Yata
ConsortOnabe-hime
(小甂媛)		Wani no Hifure no Omi • Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime
ConsortOkinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime
(息長真若中比売)		Kawamata Nakatsuhiko • Prince Wakanuke no Futamata
ConsortIto-hime
(糸媛)		Sakuraitabe no Muraji Shimatarine • Prince Hayabusawake
ConsortHimuka no Izumi no Naga-hime
(日向泉長媛)		Unknown • Princess Hatabi no Wakairatsume
 • Prince Ōhae
 • Prince Ohae
ConsortKaguro-hime
(迦具漏比売)		Sumeiroōnakatsuhiko[f] • Prince Kataji
 • Princess Kawarata no Iratsume
 • Princess Tama no Iratsume
ConsortKatsuragi no Irome
(葛城野伊呂売)		Takenouchi no Sukune • Prince Izanomawaka[g]
ConsortE-hime
(兄媛)		Kibi-no-TakehikoN/a

Issue

[edit]
StatusNameMotherComments
PrincessArata (荒田皇女)Nakatsu-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrinceŌosazaki (大鷦鷯尊)Nakatsu-himeWould later become EmperorEmperor Nintoku.
PrinceNetori (根鳥皇子)Nakatsu-himeAncestor of Ōta no Kimi (大田君), married Princess Awaji no Mihara (see below).
PrinceIzanomawaka (去来真稚皇子)Takakiiri-himeAncestor of Fukakawawake (深河別).
PrinceNukata no Ōnakatsuhiko (額田大中彦皇子)Takakiiri-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrinceŌyamamori (大山守皇子)Takakiiri-himeŌyamamori died in 310 AD.[h]
PrincessKomukuta (澇来田皇女)Takakiiri-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessŌhara (大原皇女)Takakiiri-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessAhe (阿倍皇女)Oto-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessAwaji no Mihara (淡路御原皇女)Oto-himeMarried to Prince Netori
PrincessKi no Uno (紀之菟野皇女)Oto-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessMino no Iratsume (三野郎女)Oto-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessShigehara (滋原皇女)Oto-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrinceUji no Wakiiratsuko (菟道稚郎子皇子)Miyanushiyaka-himeUji was a Crown Prince.
PrincessMetori (雌鳥皇女)Miyanushiyaka-himeMetori died in 353 AD, and was married to Prince "Hayabusawake" (see below).
PrincessYata (矢田皇女)Miyanushiyaka-himeYata was later married toEmperor Nintoku.
PrincessUji no Wakiiratsu-hime (菟道稚郎女皇女)Onabe-himeUji was later married toEmperor Nintoku.
PrinceWakanuke no Futamata (稚野毛二派皇子)Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-himeAncestor of Okinaga clan (息長君), and great-grandfather ofEmperor Keitai.
PrinceHayabusawake (隼総別皇子)Ito-himeHayabusawake was the husband of Princess Metori (雌鳥皇女).
PrinceŌhae (大葉枝皇子)Himuka no Izumi no Naga-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrinceOhae (小葉枝皇子)Himuka no Izumi no Naga-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessKusakanohatabino-hime (草香幡梭皇女)Himuka no Izumi no Naga-himeHatabi was later married toEmperor Richū
PrincessKawarata no Iratsume (川原田郎女)Kaguro-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrincessTama no Iratsume (玉郎女)Kaguro-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrinceKataji (迦多遅王)Kaguro-himeVery little is known about this person.
PrinceIzanomawaka (伊奢能麻和迦王 –去来真稚皇子)Katsuragi no IromeVery little is known about this person.

Family tree

[edit]
‹ Thetemplate below (Generations of Jimmu) is being considered for deletion. Seetemplates for discussion to help reach a consensus. ›
Genealogy of early Japanese emperors and empresses
Nunakawahime[19]Ōkuninushi[20][21]: 278 
(Ōnamuchi)[22]		Kamotaketsunumi no Mikoto[23]
Kotoshironushi[24][25]Tamakushi-hime[23]Takeminakata[26][27]Susa Clan[28]
1Jimmu[29]1Himetataraisuzu-hime[29]Kamo no Okimi[24][30]Mirahime [ja]
2Suizei[31][32][33][34][35][36]2Isuzuyori-hime[34][35][36][30][37]Kamuyaimimi[31][32][33]
3Annei[38][24][34][35][36]〔Ō clan[39][40]〕〔Aso clan[41]〕3Nunasokonakatsu-hime[42][24]Kamo clan
TakakurajiMiwa clan
4Itoku[38][24]Ikisomimi no mikoto [ja][38]Ame no Murakumo [ja]
4Amonotoyototsu-hime[38]Amaoshio no mikoto [ja]
5Emperor Kōshō[38][24][43]5Yosotarashi-hime[24]Okitsu Yoso [ja]
6Emperor Kōan[24]Prince Ameoshitarashi [ja][43]Owari clan
6Oshihime[24][43]〔Wani clan〕[44]
7Emperor Kōrei[45][24][43][46]7Kuwashi-hime[46]
8Emperor Kōgen[47][46]8Utsushikome[47]Princess Yamato Totohi Momoso[45]Kibitsuhiko-no-mikoto[48]Wakatakehiko [ja]
9Ikagashikome[i][50][51]
Hikofutsuoshi no Makoto no Mikoto [ja][51]9Emperor Kaika[47]Prince Ōhiko[52]〔Kibi clan〕
Yanushi Otake Ogokoro no Mikoto [ja][51]10Emperor Sujin[53][54]10Mimaki-hime[55]〔Abe clan〕[52]
Takenouchi no Sukune[51]11Emperor Suinin[56][57]11Saho-hime[58]12Hibasu-hime[59]Yasaka Iribiko[60][61][62]Toyosukiiri-hime [ja][63]Nunaki-iri-hime [ja][45]
Yamatohime-no-mikoto[64]
〔Katsuragi clan〕13Harima no Inabi no Ōiratsume12Emperor Keiko[57][59]14Yasakairi-hime[60][61][62]
Otoyo no mikoto [ja]
Futaji Irihime[65]Yamato Takeru[66][67]Miyazu-himeTakeinadane [ja] Ioki Iribiko13Emperor Seimu[66][67]
14Emperor Chūai[66][67][68]15Empress Jingū[69] Homuda
Mawaka
15Emperor Ōjin[69]16Nakatsuhime[70][71][72]
16Emperor Nintoku[73]


See also

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related toEmperor Ōjin.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler untilHomutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
  2. ^Ōjin's Hachiman name is translated to "Guardian of warriors"
  3. ^The 29th Emperor[5][16]
  4. ^Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of theimperial dynasty
  5. ^It is only known that "Ōosazaki" was the Fourth son of Emperor Ōjin. No mention is given about a numerical order of sons or daughters other than this historical footnote.
  6. ^Additionally, there are 2 more unnamed princesses speculated to be Prince "Wakanuke no Futamata"s daughters.
  7. ^This is unconfirmed
  8. ^Ōyamamori is also known as being an ancestor of Hijikata no Kimi (土形君) and Haibara no Kimi (榛原君).
  9. ^There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used byTsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used byWilliam George Aston.[49]
Japanese Imperial kamon — a stylizedchrysanthemum blossom

References

[edit]
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  6. ^Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959).The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 36.
  7. ^Aston, William George. (1998).Nihongi, p. 254–271.
  8. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
  9. ^abKelly, Charles F."Kofun Culture".www.t-net.ne.jp. RetrievedAugust 2, 2019.
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  72. ^"Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史".. A History . . of Japan . 日本歴史. Retrieved2023-11-18.
  73. ^Aston, William. (1998).Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 254–271.

Further reading

[edit]
Regnal titles
Preceded byEmperor of Japan:
Ōjin
270–310
(traditional dates)		Succeeded by
Legendary
Jōmon
660 BC–291 BC
Yayoi
290 BC–269 AD
Yamato
Kofun
269–539
Asuka
539–710
Nara
710–794
Heian
794–1185
Kamakura
1185–1333
Northern Court
1333–1392
Muromachi
1333–1573
Azuchi–Momoyama
1573–1603
Edo
1603–1868
Empire of Japan
1868–1947
Japan
1947–present

Unless otherwise noted (as BC), years are inCE / AD *Imperial Consort andRegentEmpress Jingū is not traditionally listed.

Gods
Main deities
Minor gods
Places
Three Major
Hachiman Shrines
(三大八幡)
Other shrines
Miscellaneous
Dedicated to
Empress Jingū
‡not always included
International
National
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