55°58′N4°32′W / 55.96°N 4.53°W /55.96; -4.53
Dumbarton Siorrachd Dhùn Breatann | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Country | Scotland |
| County town | Dumbarton |
| Area | |
• Total | 241 sq mi (624 km2) |
| Ranked 29th of 34 | |
| Chapman code | DNB |
Dunbartonshire (Scottish Gaelic:Siorrachd Dhùn Breatann)[1] or theCounty of Dumbarton is ahistoric county,lieutenancy area andregistration county in the westcentral Lowlands ofScotland lying to the north of theRiver Clyde. Dunbartonshire bordersPerthshire to the north,Stirlingshire to the east,Lanarkshire andRenfrewshire to the south, andArgyllshire to the west.
The county covered a similar area to theearldom and laterduchy ofLennox. The historic county gives its name to two of Scotland's moderncouncil areas, beingEast Dunbartonshire andWest Dunbartonshire.
The town name "Dumbarton" comes from theScottish GaelicDùn Breatainn meaning "fort of theBritons".[2] Historically, the spelling of the county town and the county were not standardised. By the 18th century the names "County of Dunbarton" and "County of Dumbarton" were used interchangeably.[3] The n in "Dunbarton" represents the etymologyDùn "fort"; the "m" in "Dumbarton" reflects a pronunciation withassimilation of/n/ to the labial/m/, due to the influence of the neighbouring labial/b/ sound.[4]
Different county bodies used the two spellings: the Dunbarton County Constabulary were formed in 1857 by theCommissioners of Supply for the County of Dunbarton.[5]
In 1890 elected county councils were established under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1889, which referred to the area as the "County of Dumbarton". However, one of the county council's first acts was to adopt an official seal, for which it chose to use the spelling "Dunbarton", with an "n", as being closer to the name's etymology, despite protests from some residents who maintained that the spelling with an "m" was better established in general usage.[6][7] The town of Dumbarton continued to use the spelling with an "m". Statutory recognition of the spelling with an "n" being used for the county came with theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo. 6. c. 43).[8]
Dunbartonshire's origins as ashire (the area administered by asheriff) are obscure, but it had become a shire by the end of the twelfth century. The shire of Dumbarton was initially similar in area to the earldom ofLennox, covering an area north of theRiver Clyde and aroundLoch Lomond. In the thirteenth century an area north-east of Loch Lomond was transferred toStirlingshire, whilst the two parishes ofKirkintilloch andCumbernauld were transferred from Stirlingshire to Dunbartonshire, despite not adjoining the rest of the county.[9] The changes were reversed in 1504, when Kirkintilloch and Cumbernauld were restored to Stirlingshire and the area north-east of Loch Lomond came back to Dunbartonshire, but the change was short-lived, being reverted again in 1509.[9]
Commissioners of Supply were established in 1667 to act as the main administrative body for the shire outside theburghs. Elected county councils were established in 1890 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The burgh ofDumbarton was deemed capable of managing its own affairs and so was excluded from the administrative area of the county council, although the county council still chose to base itself in that town.[10] The county council held its first meeting on 22 May 1890 at theCounty Buildings (which also served as the sheriff court) on Church Street in Dumbarton.[11][12] The 1889 act also led to a review of boundaries; in the case of Dunbartonshire the parish ofNew Kilpatrick had previously straddled Dunbartonshire andStirlingshire, with the town ofMilngavie being in the part of the parish in Stirlingshire. The parish was brought entirely within Dunbartonshire on 15 May 1891.[13][14]
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Reforms to local government in 1930 saw the burgh of Dumbarton brought within the administrative area of the county council. The county council was based at the old county buildings at the sheriff court until 1965, when it moved to newCounty Buildings on Garshake Road in Dumbarton. The new building was formally opened byQueen Elizabeth II, accompanied by theDuke of Edinburgh, on 28 June 1965 during a royal visit to the area.[15]
Dunbartonshire was abolished for local government purposes in 1975 under theLocal Government (Scotland) Act 1973, becoming part of the largeStrathclydeRegion. Strathclyde was divided into nineteendistricts, with Dunbartonshire being divided betweenDumbarton,Bearsden and Milngavie,Clydebank,Cumbernauld and Kilsyth andStrathkelvin Districts. The combined area of these five districts continued to be used as alieutenancy area.[16]
Local government in Scotland was reorganised again in 1996, with the regions and districts abolished and replaced with unitarycouncil areas. Two of the new council areas include Dunbartonshire in their name. Since 1996 the area of the pre-1975 county of Dunbartonshire has been split between fourcouncil areas:
TheDunbartonshire lieutenancy area continues to be defined in terms of the five districts that existed between 1975 and 1996, with the only change made to the lieutenancy areas at the time of the 1996 local government reorganisation being that theChryston area of Strathkelvin district was transferred to theLanarkshire lieutenancy.[17] The historic boundaries of Dunbartonshire are still used for land registration purposes, being aregistration county.[18]
The northern half of the county is sparsely populated and dominated byLoch Lomond (now part ofLoch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park), which it shares with Stirlingshire. There are many islands in the loch which form part of the county, the most notable beingIsland I Vow,Tarbet Isle,Inchlonaig,Inchconnachan,Inchmoan,Inchtavannach,Fraoch Eilean,Inchgalbraith,Torrinch,Creinch,Inchmurrin andAber Isle. The much smallerGeal Loch,Lochan Beinn Damhain,Lochan Strath Dubh-uisge, andLoch Sloy can also be found here. The area is also home toBen Vorlich, the highest point of Dunbartonshire at 943 m (3,094 ft) and the 229th tallest mountain in Scotland.
South-western Dunbartonshire has a long coastline alongLoch Long, culminating in theRosneath peninsula which is separated from the main body of the county byGare Loch. Both of these lead into theFirth of Clyde which forms the southern border. The area east of the river Leven is dominated geographically by theKilpatrick Hills which also contains a number of small lochs and reservoirs. In the far south-east the county encompasses a portion of theGreater Glasgow conurbation.
The Cumbernauld exclave is largely flat and heavily urbanised.
The county retained a largeexclave situated five miles (eight kilometres) east of the main part of the county despite the boundary changes in the 1890s elsewhere in Scotland, consisting of thecivil parishes ofKirkintilloch andCumbernauld, betweenStirlingshire andLanarkshire. This area had originally been part of Stirlingshire, but had been annexed to Dunbarton in the reign ofDavid II at the request ofMalcolm Fleming, Earl of Wigtown, the owner of the land, who was alsoSheriff ofDumbarton.[19]
The exclave was dealt with in 19th century legislation as greater administrative duties were given to the counties.
ThePolice (Scotland) Act 1857 established police forces throughout Scotland. Section 70 of the act allowed for the parishes to be transferred to the jurisdiction of eitherStirlingshire orLanarkshireConstabulary on resolution of two-thirds of theCommissioners of Supply for the County of Dumbarton.[20]
Similar provisions allowing for the transfer of the area for all purposes were included in the County General Assessment (Scotland) Act 1868.[21] No such resolution was made, and the two parishes remained in Dunbartonshire.
Section 40 of theRoads and Bridges (Scotland) Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 51) provided that for the purposes of that act all detached parts of counties should be placed in the county by which they were surrounded, or with which they had the longest boundary.[22] Accordingly,Cumbernauld andKirkintilloch came under the control of the Stirlingshire Road Board. It was originally anticipated that the area would be transferred to Stirlingshire for all other purposes by the boundary commissioners proposed by theLocal Government Bill of 1889.[23] However, a clause was inserted in the bill that stated "the parishes of Cumbernauld and Kirkintilloch, including theburghs and police burghs situate therein, shall for the purposes of this Act, be considered as forming part of the county of Dumbarton". The clause was vigorously opposed by the Stirlingshire Commissioners of Supply as they had incurred considerable expense in maintaining the roads of the two parishes. The Act as passed provided that the Dunbartonshire County Council was to financially compensate Stirlingshire on the transfer of road powers.[24]
TheWest Highland Line runs through the county connecting Glasgow toOban andFort William and is popular with tourist due to its scenic view of the Highlands. TheNorth Clyde line serves the towns of theVale of Leven, and many suburban and commuter lines serve those parts of Dunbartonshire that form part of the Glasgow conurbation. Two lines run west–east through the Cumbernauld exclave, linking this area to Glasgow and Falkirk.
Various ferries criss-cross Loch Lomond, linking some of the towns along its banks. The Rosneath peninsula is connected by a ferry from Kilcreggan toGourock in Renfrewshire.
During the expansion of theVolunteer Force, the military presence in Dunbartonshire was widely expanded.[citation needed]
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