| Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry | |
|---|---|
 Cap badge | |
| Active | 1798–present |
| Country |  Kingdom of Great Britain (1798–1800) United Kingdom (1801–present) |
| Branch |  British Army |
| Type | Yeomanry |
| Size | 1–3 Regiments Squadron (current) |
| Part of | Royal Armoured Corps |
| Engagements | Second Boer War First World War |
| Battle honours | Seebattle honours below |
| Commanders | |
| Honorary Colonel | Lt Col Mike Glover, TD |
TheDuke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry (DLOY) was a yeomanry unit of theBritish Army from 1798 to 1992. Originally raised as part-time cavalry for home defence and internal security, the regiment sentmounted infantry to serve in theSecond Boer War. DuringWorld War I it carried out mounted duties inEgypt and Palestine and on theWestern Front. By 1917 the reserve units at home had becomecyclists and the regiment serving on the Western Front joined an infantry battalion, seeing action at theBattle of Passchendaele, against theGerman Spring Offensive and in the finalAlliedHundred Days Offensive. At the beginning ofWorld War II the regiment gave up its horses and formed two regiments of medium artillery, which served in theMiddle East,Italy andNorth West Europe. Postwar it became an armoured unit. Today its lineage is maintained by B (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Squadron, theQueen's Own Yeomanry.
After Britain was drawn into theFrench Revolutionary Wars, Prime MinisterWilliam Pitt the Younger proposed in 1794 that the counties should form a force of Volunteer Yeoman Cavalry (Yeomanry) that could be called on by the King to defend the country against invasion or by theLord Lieutenant to subdue any civil disorder within the county. A number of counties did so immediately, mainly those close to the threatened coastline.[1][2][3] By 1797–98 the threat of invasion seemed more acute, and the government encouraged the formation of local armed associations of cavalry and infantry for purely local defence. TheCounty of Lancaster (Lancashire) raised the following independentTroops:[4]
Most volunteer cavalry was disbanded after theTreaty of Amiens in 1802, but the peace was shortlived, and many troops were reformed or newly formed:[4]
The Yeomanry declined in importance and strength after theBattle of Waterloo, but in the absence of police it remained available for use in aid of the civil power, particularly in the industrial North of England. The Manchester & Salford Light Horse was reformed as theManchester and Salford Yeomanry with two troops in 1817.[4] It participated in the so-calledPeterloo Massacre in 1819, when 11 unarmed civilians were killed and around 400 injured by the action of theRegular and Yeomanry cavalry who had been called out to control a demonstration at St Peter's Fields, Manchester.[3][6]
In 1827 the government withdrew funding for the yeomanry when called out on duty, but units were permitted to continue unpaid.[1][6] The remaining Lancashire troops (Bolton, Furness and Wigan) were regimented on 18 August 1828 as theLancashire Corps of Yeomanry Cavalry.King William IV granted the titleDuke of Lancaster's Corps of Yeomanry Cavalry in 1834. Since then the Sovereign, as theDuke of Lancaster, has traditionally served asColonel-in-Chief of the DLOY.[4][5][a]
Yeomanry pay for duty was restored in 1831 with the increasing social unrest in the country, but by 1839 the strength of the Yeomanry in Lancashire was only 171, despite the county having a large and restless urban population.[6] The DLOY raised additional troops atRochdale (1844) andWorsley (1845), and the regimental headquarters (RHQ) moved to Worsley. The former Loyal Ashton Yeomanry Cavalry was revived on 31 August 1848 as theLancashire Hussars Yeomanry Cavalry, giving the southwestern part of the county its own regiment.[4][7][8]
An invasion scare in 1859 led to the emergence of theVolunteer Movement, and Rifle Volunteer Corps (RVCs) began to be organised throughout Great Britain, Lancashire raising a large number. Units of Mounted Rifle Volunteers, later termed Light Horse Volunteers (LHVs), were also raised among farming and foxhunting communities, to carry out reconnaissance for the RVCs. The LHVs were less expensively dressed and less socially exclusive than the Yeomanry, but they occupied an anomalous position between them and the Rifle Volunteers, and most were shortlived.[9][10] Two such units were raised in Lancashire:[11][12]
TheLieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the DLOY from 15 December 1862 was the HonAlgernon Egerton, who was also Lt-Col Commandant of the3rd Manchester Rifles. He retained the command until 20 March 1882, when he was succeeded by his long-time second-in-command,Arthur Egerton, 3rd Earl of Wilton. The earl died in 1884 and was succeeded by Lt-Col R.H. Ainsworth on 29 October. The Hon Algernon Egerton was appointed the regiment'sHonorary Colonel on 6 June 1885.[13]
In 1872 the Furness Trp was disbanded and replaced by a new troop at Oldham. Further troops were raised atBroughton, Salford, in 1877 and at Blackburn in 1880, but the Wigan Trp was disbanded in 1883. Two more troops were formed at Blackpool and Liverpool in 1889. Then on 1 April 1893 the Yeomanry adopted the squadron organisation, with the DLOY organised as follows:[4]
In the late 19th Century the DLOY was ranked 12 in order of precedence among yeomanry regiments, apparently based on the date of first raising the Bolton Troop.[13]
Following theCardwell Reforms a mobilisation scheme began to appear in theArmy List from December 1875. This assigned Regular,Militia and Yeomanry units places in an order of battle of corps, divisions and brigades for the 'Active Army', even though these formations were entirely theoretical, with no staff or services assigned. The DLOY was assigned as 'divisional troops' to 3rd Division ofVI Corps based at Manchester. This was never more than a paper organisation, but from April 1893 theArmy List showed the Yeomanry regiments grouped into brigades for collective training. They were commanded by the senior regimental commanding officer but they did have a RegularBrigade major. The Duke of Lancaster's together with theWestmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry formed the 14th Yeomanry Brigade. The Yeomanry brigades disappeared from theArmy List after theSecond Boer War.[13]
Following a string of defeats duringBlack Week in early December 1899, the British government realised that it would need more troops than just the Regulars to fight theSecond Boer War. On 13 December, the decision to allow volunteer forces to serve in South Africa was made, and aRoyal Warrant was issued on 24 December. This officially created theImperial Yeomanry (IY). The force was organised as county service companies of approximately 115 men signed up for one year. Volunteers from the Yeomanry and civilians quickly filled the new force, which was equipped to operate asMounted infantry, armed with aLee–Metford infantry rifle and bayonet instead of a cavalry carbine and sabre.[14][15][16][17]
The Duke of Lancaster's Yeomanry and Lancashire Hussars co-sponsored the 24th and 32nd (Lancashire) Companies, which served in the 8th and 2nd IY Battalions respectively.[4][5][7][13][18][19][20][21][22][23]
2nd Battalion, IY, including 32nd (Lancashire) Company, landed in South Africa on 28 February 1900 and was sent toNaauwpoort as part of a Yeomanry brigade underMajor-General John Brabazon.[22][24] 8th Battalion, IY, including 23rd (Lancashire) Company, landed in South Africa on 5 March 1900[20][22] From early May 1900 23rd (Lancashire) and24th (Westmorland & Cumberland) Companies of the 8th Bn and19th (Paget's Horse) Bn were serving under theEarl of Erroll with SirCharles Warren's Column operating inGriqualand West. Warren began his advance before all the troops had assembled, and enteredDouglas on 21 May. The Boers were atCampbell, blocking the route up onto the Kaap Plateau. On 26 May the column camped at Faber's Put, a farmstead a few miles south of Campbell. 23rd and 24th Companies and a small detachment of Paget's Horse were in camp. Warren had placed insufficientpickets and before dawn on 30 May a force of Boers surrounded the camp, infiltrated into the garden and prepared to attack. Spotted by a Yeomanry sentry who fired on them, the Boers fired back and a furious firefight ensued, while the Boers stampeded the Yeomanry's horses and shooting down gun crews. The two IY companies advanced to support their picket on the southern ridge and brought their twoColt machine guns into action. Leaving a party to keep downenfilading fire from the garden, and the Paget's Horse detachment to protect the machine guns, the rest of the IY advanced by rushes over open ground towards the ridge. Themselves under enfilade fire from the picket in the rocks, the Boers retired from the ridge before the Yeomanry arrived with their bayonets. The rest of the Boers in the garden ran back to their horses and rode off before the Yeomanry could recover their own horses. After the action at Faber's Put Warren was able to clear Griqualand West without further trouble.[20][25][26][27][28]
The First Contingent of the Imperial Yeomanry completed their year's term of service and went home in May 1901, to be replaced by a Second Contingent who served until the end of the war in 1902. Most of the Second Contingent were raw recruits, but the 'Relieving Draft' for the 23rd Co did at least contain a number of DLOY men.[29] These companies earned the DLOY its firstBattle honour:South Africa 1900–02.[4][5][13][30]
The Imperial Yeomanry were trained and equipped as mounted infantry. The concept was considered a success and before the war ended the existing Yeomanry regiments at home (including the DLOY) were converted into Imperial Yeomanry, with an establishment of RHQ and four squadrons with a machine gun section. RHQ of theDuke of Lancaster's Own Imperial Yeomanry moved from Worsley to Lancaster House, Whalley Road,Whalley Range, Manchester.[4][7][13][15]
| Welsh Border Mounted Brigade |
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| Organisation on 4 August 1914 |
Assigned units
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Training attachments
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When the Imperial Yeomanry were subsumed into the newTerritorial Force (TF) in the 1908Haldane Reforms (under theTerritorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907 (7 Edw. 7, c.9),[32][33] theDuke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry transferred to the new force.[7][34] It was now distributed as follows:[4][35][36]
The Duke of Lancaster's, together with the Lancashire Hussars and the Westmorland & Cumberland Yeomanry, was attached to the TF'sWelsh Border Mounted Brigade for peacetime training, but would be assigned to other formations in the event of war.[37][35][38][39][40]
Under the 1907 Act, the TF was intended to be a home defence force for service during wartime and members could not be compelled to serve outside the country. However, on the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, many members volunteered for Overseas Service. Therefore, TF units were split in August and September 1914 into 1st Line (liable for overseas service) and 2nd Line (home service for those unable or unwilling to serve overseas) units. Later, a 3rd Line was formed to act as a reserve, providing trained replacements for the 1st and 2nd Line regiments.[41]
Formed in August 1914, in Manchester, the regiment became part of theWelsh Border Mounted Brigade.[35] It was then split up with RHQ and 'C' Squadron joining the23rd Division in April 1915, after being briefly attached to the1st Cavalry Division in late April to early May 1916.[35]'A' Squadron joined theEast Lancashire Division; then it moved to the53rd Division while inEgypt on 29 January 1917, and moved toXXI Corps Cavalry Regiment inPalestine in August 1917, serving with it until the end of the war. 'D' Squadron joined the14th (Light) Division.[35]
On 14 May 1916, all of the 1/1st DLOY's subunits except 'A' Squadron reformed in France, where together with 'C' Squadron of theSurrey Yeomanry, they formedIII Corps Cavalry Regiment.[35]
However, unlike in Palestine, there was little requirement for mounted troops on the Western Front, and in the summer of 1917 a number of corps cavalry regiments were dismounted and the Yeomanry drafted to infantry battalions of their county regiments. On 31 July, after sending away specialists such as machine gunners, saddlers and medical personnel to their respective depots, the remainder of III Corps' regiment was sent to the Base Depot atÉtaples for infantry training.[7][35][37] The commanding officer commented:
On 24 September 1917, 1/1st DLOY (7 officers and 125 ORs) joined 12th (Service) Bn,Manchester Regiment, which was redesignated12th (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Bn.[7][35][43][44] 12th (Service) Bn was originally raised as a Kitchener battalion on 7 October 1914 atAshton-under-Lyne and had already seen considerable action with52nd Brigade of17th (Northern) Division, in theYpres Salient in 1915–16, on theSomme in 1916, including theBattle of Delville Wood, and in theArras Offensive earlier in 1917.[43][45] Under its new designation, the battalion now took part in the final stages of theThird Ypres Offensive, theFirst andSecond Battles of Passchendaele. After the dreadful experience of Passchendaele, 12th (DLOY) Battalion spent much of the winter training and in reserve.[46]
When theGerman Spring Offensive was launched on 21 March 1918, 17th (N) Division was in holding positions in the vulnerableFlesquièresSalient. On 22 March the Germans launched a series of attacks against the village ofHavrincourt, held by 12th (DLOY) Bn, but all were halted. However, breakthroughs to the north and south rendered the position at Flesquières untenable, and 17th (N) Division was involved in a fighting retreat back to theRiver Ancre, where a defence line was established.[43][46][47] During the AlliedHundred Days Offensive 17th (N) Division came into action during theSecond Battle of the Somme, capturingMartinpuich on 25 August after 12th (DLOY) Bn encircled it from the south. Next day it was held up in front of High Wood until 12th (DLOY) Bn initiated another outflanking move. Another attempt by the battalion at an outflanking move, againstLe Transloy on 1 September, was stopped by machine gun fire, but the village was heavily shelled overnight and 12th (DLOY) Bn, attacking at dawn, worked round the flank once more, forcing the Germans to evacuate..[43][48]
The advance continued, with Third Army closing up to the Germans'Hindenburg Line defences. 52nd Brigade captured Chapel Hill during the attack on the Hindenburg outposts (theBattle of Épehy) on 18 September. The division advanced again on 9 October during theSecond Battle of Cambrai, then 12th (DLOY) Bn had a hard fight atNeuvilly on theRiver Selle on 12 October, after which it had only four officers (including the CO, adjutant and medical officer) and a little over 300 men fit to fight. After being reinforced with a mixture of old soldiers and raw recruits, 12th (DLOY) Bn advanced again on 31 October, fording the river and pushing onto the ridge beyond against German shelling and rearguards. During theBattle of the Sambre on 4 November the battalion reached its objectives, despite casualties (many fromMustard gas). 52nd Brigade led the pursuit from 8 November, but could not catch up with the enemy before hostilities ended with theArmistice with Germany.[43][46][49][50]
12th (DLOY) Battalion was disembodied on 20 May 1919.[7]
The 2nd Line regiment was formed in September 1914. By July 1915, it was under the command of the2/1st Western Mounted Brigade (along with the2/1st Westmorland and Cumberland Yeomanry[39] and the2/1st Lancashire Hussars[38]) and in March 1916 was atCupar,Fife.[37] On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence and the brigade became21st Mounted Brigade, still at Cupar underScottish Command.[40]
In July 1916, there was a major reorganization of 2nd Line yeomanry units in the United Kingdom. All but 12 regiments were converted tocyclists[40] and as a consequence the regiment was dismounted and the brigade converted to14th Cyclist Brigade. Further reorganization in October and November 1916 saw the brigade redesignated as10th Cyclist Brigade in October 1916, still at Cupar.[37][40][51]
By January 1918, 10th Cyclist Brigade had moved toLincolnshire with the regiment atAlford andSkegness. About May 1918 the brigade moved to Ireland and the regiment was stationed atTralee,County Kerry. There were no further changes before the end of the war.[37][40][51]
The 3rd Line regiment was formed in 1915 and in the summer it was affiliated to aReserve Cavalry Regiment atThe Curragh. In the summer of 1916 it was affiliated to10th Reserve Cavalry Regiment, also at The Curragh. It was absorbed by the6th Reserve Cavalry Regiment atTidworth in early 1917.[37]
Postwar, a commission was set up to consider the shape of the Territorial Force. The experience of the World War I made it clear that there was a surplus ofcavalry. The commission decided that only the 14 most senior regiments were to be retained as cavalry, while the others would be converted to other roles with theRoyal Artillery, theRoyal Corps of Signals or theRoyal Tank Corps. However, as the 12th most senior regiment in theorder of precedence, the regiment was retained as horsed cavalry.[5][52]
When the TF was reconstituted on 7 Feb 1920 the DLOY reformed with the following organisation:[4][7][13]
The TF was reorganised as theTerritorial Army (TA) in 1921, in which the regiment was designated as 'Army Troops' in 42nd (East Lancashire) Divisional Area.[53]
The TA was embodied on 1 September 1939, just before the declaration of war, and the DLOY mobilised as a cavalry regiment in 42nd Divisional Area.[5][7][13][54] While most of the remaining mounted Yeomanry regiments formed1st Cavalry Division and left for service inPalestine in January 1940, the DLOY was left behind. On 15 January 1940 atRamsbottom, Manchester, it transferred to theRoyal Artillery (RA). It did not receive a regimental number until 15 April when (as most other TA units had already done) it split into two:[7][55][56]
By the end of 1940 77th Medium Rgt was attached to53rd (Welsh) Division inNorthern Ireland and remained there for over two years. Its batteries were redesignated P and Q Btys on 11 March 1942, then 103 and 104 Btys on 1 January 1943.[7][55][57][58][59][60]
When21st Army Group was formed in early 1943 for the plannedAllied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord), 77th (DLOY) Medium Rgt was assigned to8th Army Group Royal Artillery.[61] AnArmy Group Royal Artillery (AGRA) was a powerful artillery brigade, usually comprising three or four medium regiments and one heavy regiment.[62]
8 AGRA's units landed in Normandy afterD Day in June 1944 and supportedVIII Corps inOperation Epsom (26–30 June) andOperation Jupiter (the recapture of Hill 112 on 10 July). It assistedII Canadian Corps inOperation Spring on 25 July and was then sent west with VIII Corps forOperation Bluecoat launched on 30 July, when 77th (DLOY) Med Rgt was in direct support of11th Armoured Division. Within days the German front was cracked wide open.[63][64][65][66][67][68]
VIII Corps was then 'grounded' to provide transport and fuel to Second Army's pursuit force and only played a minor role inOperation Market Garden (theBattle of Arnhem). Closing up to theRiver Maas took Second Army from October to the beginning of December. On 3 December15th (Scottish) Division took the Germans' last bridgehead west of the Maas, atBlerick opposite Venlo, in Operation Guildford: 8 AGRA was one of three AGRAs supporting this attack by a single infantry brigade.[69][70][71]
By March 1945 21st Army Group was in position to carry out an assault crossing of the Rhine (Operation Plunder). 8 AGRA again supported 15th (Scottish) Division, which crossed at 02.00 on 24 March, supported by massive firepower from the AGRAs (described by the divisional historian as 'earth-shaking').[72][73][74] After the Rhine crossing 21st Army Group began a rapid advance across northern Germany and there was little call for medium artillery. Increasingly, British units were called upon to act as occupation forces. After theGerman surrender at Lüneburg Heath this became the role for the whole of 21st Army Group while the troops awaiteddemobilisation.[75][76] 77th (DLOY) Medium Rgt and its batteries began entering 'suspended animation' on 4 February 1946, completing the process by 25 February.[7][55]
At the end of 1940 78th (DLOY) Medium Rgt and its signal section were still serving inWestern Command,[57] but by the end of March 1941 it was affiliated to47th (London) Infantry Division inIV Corps on the invasion-threatened South Coast of England.[58][77] IV Corps HQ was sent toMiddle East Forces (MEF) at the beginning of 1942 and the regiment and 47th Division reverted to the direct control ofSouthern Command.[78] A and B Batteries were redesignated P and Q on 11 March 1942, then 105 and 106 Medium Btys on 1 January 1943.[7] The regiment had its own Light Aid Detachment of theRoyal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers by August 1942.[59]
During December 1942 78th (DLOY) Medium Rgt came under War Office control preparatory to going overseas,[79] and it had left for MEF by February 1943.[60] It served inPalestine andSyria then by January moved to join in theItalian Campaign as part of6th Army Group Royal Artillery (6 AGRA).[80][81]
After World War II the regiment was reorganised in the occupation forces on 21 October 1945 as78th (Auxiliary Police) Regiment, Royal Artillery (Duke of Lancaster's own Yeomanry) with 105, 106, 700, 701 and 702 Btys. The regiment was placed in suspended animation on 14 April 1946.[7][55]
When the TA was reconstituted on 1 January 1947, 78th (DLOY) Rgt was formally disbanded and the Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry was reformed in theRoyal Armoured Corps as the divisional armoured regiment of42nd (Lancashire) Division.[4][7][5][55][56][82]
The regiment's role changed to reconnaissance in 1956, when it was equipped with armoured cars, but on 1 April 1967, it combined with the40th/41st Royal Tank Regiment as theDuke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry, Royal Tank Regiment. Two years later, the combined regiment was reduced to a cadre until 1971, when it was reformed as an infantry unit. On 1 April 1983, it rejoined the Royal Armoured Corps as a home defence reconnaissance unit, being equipped with Land Rovers.[7][83]
The regiment was disbanded as a result of theOptions for Change on 1 November 1992 and its units amalgamated with those of TheQueen's Own Mercian Yeomanry to form TheRoyal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry.[84][85] Following the disbanding of the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry in 2014, the regiment's lineage is maintained by B (Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry) Squadron, theQueen's Own Yeomanry.[86]
By the late 19th Century the DLOY was dressed and equipped asDragoons. Thetunic was scarlet with the bluefacings appropriate to a 'Royal' regiment and a white metal dragoon helmet of 1844 pattern was worn with a white plume. Unusually the officers' lace was gold, whereas most auxiliary units wore silver. The blue riding pantaloons carried yellow stripes. Other ranks wore a white shoulder belt over the left shoulder; in marching order a white leather bandolier was also slung over the right shoulder. Black sheepskin saddle covers were provided for troop horses fromca 1844 to 1896.[88]
On conversion to Imperial Yeomanry, the DLOY adopted the khaki service dress for general use in 1902.[13][15] However a simplified full dress was worn for ceremonial and off-duty wear from 1903 to the outbreak of war in 1914. For all ranks this comprised a scarlet patrol jacket with dark blue facings worn with drab riding breeches or, for dismounted duties dark blue overalls (tight cavalry trousers buttoned under the ankles) with yellow stripes.[89] The 19th century dragoon helmets with white plumes were still worn for special occasions but only officers were required to obtain the pre-1903 full dress tunics and gold laced belts for attendance at court levees, as late as 1938.[90]
The official badge granted to the regiment was 'TheRed Rose of Lancaster'.[13] In the white metal cap badge the rose appeared within a laurel wreath, surrounded by aGarter strap bearing the title 'DUKE OF LANCASTER'S OWN', surmounted by a royal ducal coronet.[87] When the DLOY converted to the Royal Artillery both successor regiments were permitted to retain its cap badge. In the version worn during World War II the Garter strap was left off, and the regimental title appeared on a scroll intertwined through the wreath. 77th and 78th Medium Regiments also wore Lancashire Rose Yeomanry collar badges in white metal (apparently the same as theLancashire Hussars, which had converted to artillery in 1921). They also wore an embroidered shoulder title lettered 'DLO YEOMANRY'.[56]
The Duke of Lancaster's Own Yeomanry was awarded the followingbattle honours (honours in bold areemblazoned on theguidon):[4][13][30]
| Second Boer War | South Africa 1900–02 |  |
| First World War | Somme 1916'18,Albert 1916'18,Ypres 1917,Passchendaele,St. Quentin,Bapaume 1918,Amiens,Hindenburg Line,Épehy,Cambrai 1918,Selle,Sambre,France and Flanders 1915–18 | |
| Second World War | The Royal Artillery was present in nearly all battles and would have earned most of the honours awarded to cavalry and infantry regiments. In 1833,William IV awarded the mottoUbique (meaning "everywhere") in place of all battle honours.[91] Honorary Distinction: Badge of the Royal Regiment of Artillery with year-dates "1944–45" and two scrolls: "North-West Europe" and "Italy" |