Born inPengcheng, Daosheng left home to become a monk at eleven.[3] He studied inJiankang underZhu Fatai, and later atLushan (Mount Lu) monastery withHuiyuan, and from 405 or 406 underKumarajiva inChang'an, where he stayed for some two years perfecting his education. He became one of the foremost scholars of his time, counted among the "fifteen great disciples" of Kumarajiva.[4]
Sengzhao reports that Daosheng assisted Kumarajiva in his translation of theLotus Sutra, Daosheng wrote commentaries on the Lotus Sutra, theVimalakirti-nirdesa Sutra and theAstasahasrika-prajnaparamita Sutra (the last of which has been lost).[5] In 408, he returned to Lushan, and in 409 back to Jiankang, where he remained for some twenty years, staying at the Qingyuan Monastery (青园寺) from 419.
Daosheng controversially ascribedBuddha-nature to theicchantikas, based on his reading on a short version of theMahaparinirvana Sutra, which in that short form appears to deny the Buddha-nature to icchantikas; the long version of theNirvana Sutra, however (not yet known to Daosheng), explicitly includes the icchantikas in the universality of the Buddha-nature.[6][7][8] Daosheng's bold doctrine of including icchantikas within the purview of the Buddha-nature, even before that explicit teaching had actually been found in the longNirvana Sutra, led to the expulsion of Daosheng from the Buddhist community in 428 or 429, and he retreated to Lushan in 430.[9]
With the availability of the longNirvana Sutra after 430, through the translation ofDharmakshema, Daosheng was vindicated and praised for his insight.[10] He remained in Lushan, composing his commentary on the Lotus Sutra in 432, until his death in 434.
Daosheng's exegesis of the Nirvana Sutra had an enormous influence on interpretations of the Buddha-nature in Chinese Buddhism that prepared the ground for theChan school emerging in the 6th century.
Lai, Whalen (1982). "Sinitic speculations on buddha-nature".Philosophy East and West.32 (2):135–149.doi:10.2307/1398712.JSTOR1398712.
Lai, Whalen (1991). "Tao Sheng's Theory of Sudden Enlightenment Re-examined". In Peter N. Gregory (ed.).Sudden and Gradual. Approaches to Enlightenment in Chinese Thought. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. pp. 169–200.
Lai, Whalen W. (1982). "The Mahaparinirvana-Sutra and its earliest interpreters in China: two prefaces by Tao-lang and Tao-sheng".Journal of the American Oriental Society.102 (1):99–105.doi:10.2307/601115.JSTOR601115.
Liebenthal, Walter (1955). A Biography of Chu Tao-Sheng, Monumenta Nipponica 11 (3), 284-316
Shi Huijiao, Yang, Tianshu, transl. Ross, Edward A. S. editor (2022). 'The Biographies of Eminent Monks'. Hong Kong: Centre of Buddhist Studies, University of Hong Kong. pp. 284-289, ISBN 978-988-76424-2-8
