Colony of Curaçao and Dependencies | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1634–1954 | |||||||||
 Coat of arms | |||||||||
| Anthem: "Wilhelmus van Nassouwe" (Dutch) "'William of Nassau" | |||||||||
_(14563454738).jpg) Map of the Caribbean, 1893. Aruba, Curaçao and Bonaire are shaded in red. | |||||||||
| Status | Dutch colony | ||||||||
| Capital | Willemstad | ||||||||
| Common languages | Papiamento,Dutch,English | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
• Established | 1634 | ||||||||
• Proclamation of theKingdom charter | December 10 1954 | ||||||||
| Area | |||||||||
• Total | 980 km2 (380 sq mi) | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | |||||||||
TheColony of Curaçao and Dependencies (Dutch:Kolonie Curaçao en onderhorigheden;Papiamento:Kolonia di Kòrsou i dependensianan) was a Dutch colony in theCaribbean Sea from 1634 until 1828 and from 1845 until 1954. Between 1936 and 1948, the area was officially known as theTerritory of Curaçao (Dutch:Gebiedsdeel Curaçao; Papiamento:Teritorio di Kòrsou), and after 1948 as theNetherlands Antilles. With the proclamation of theCharter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands on 15 December 1954, the Netherlands Antilles attained equal status with theNetherlands proper andSuriname in the newKingdom of the Netherlands.
Under the terms of theAnglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, the Netherlands regained control over itsWest Indies colonies, with the exception ofDemerara,Essequibo, andBerbice. In the newly establishedUnited Kingdom of the Netherlands, these colonies were organized in the following way until 1828:[1]
| Name | Capital | Comprised |
|---|---|---|
| Curaçao and Dependencies | Willemstad | Curaçao,Aruba,Bonaire |
| Sint Eustatius and Dependencies | Oranjestad | Sint Eustatius,Sint Maarten,Saba |
| Suriname | Paramaribo | Suriname |
As a cost-reducing measure, the three colonies were merged into a single West Indies colony ruled from Paramaribo, Suriname, in 1828. This proved to be an unhappy arrangement, causing it to be partially reverted in 1845. Sint Eustatius did not regain its status as a separate colony, however, and came to be ruled from Willemstad, Curaçao:
| Name | Capital | Comprised |
|---|---|---|
| Curaçao and Dependencies | Willemstad | Curaçao,Aruba,Bonaire,Sint Eustatius,Sint Maarten,Saba |
| Suriname | Paramaribo | Suriname |
Between 1833 and 1938, there was aColonial Council which was an advisory body of the Colony of Curaçao and predecessor of the States of the Netherlands Antilles. The Colonial Council was established to assist the Governor of the Colony of Curaçao and its members were appointed by the King of the Netherlands . It was based in Curaçao. In 1865, Curaçao's government regulation (Dutch:Regeringsreglement voor Curaçao en onderhorige eilanden) was altered to allow for a limited autonomy for the colony. The structure established in this regulation remained in force until 1936, when the first Constitution of Curaçao was enacted. This new basic law followed on a revision of the Dutch constitution in 1922, in which all references to "colony" were deleted. In the new parliament established in the colony, the Estates of Curaçao, ten out of fifteen members were elected by popular vote, with the remaining five being appointed by thegovernor. Only about 5% of the population of both colonies was allowed to vote in the elections.[2][3]
The reforms in the government structure of the colony until the Second World War were largely superficial, and thus Curaçao continued to be governed as a colony. This changed after the conclusion of the Second World War.Queen Wilhelmina had promised in a 1942 speech to offer autonomy to the overseas territories of the Netherlands, and British and American occupation—with consent by the Dutch government—of the islands during the war led to increasing demands for autonomy within the population as well.[4]
In May 1948, a new constitution for the territory entered into force, allowing the largest amount of autonomy allowed under the Dutch constitution of 1922. Among other things,universal suffrage was introduced. The territory was renamed to "Netherlands Antilles" as well. After the Dutch constitution was revised in 1948, a new interim Constitution of the Netherlands Antilles was enacted in February 1951. Shortly thereafter, on 3 March 1951, theIsland Regulation of the Netherlands Antilles (Dutch:Eilandenregeling Nederlandse Antillen orERNA;Papiamento:Regulashon Insular delas Antias Hulandes orRIAH) was issued byroyal decree, giving fairly substantial autonomy to the various island territories in the Netherlands Antilles. A consolidated version of this regulation remained in force until the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles in 2010.[5][6]
The new constitution was only deemed an interim arrangement, as negotiations for aCharter for the Kingdom were already underway. On 15 December 1954, the Netherlands Antilles, Suriname, and the Netherlands acceded as equal partners to an overarching Kingdom of the Netherlands as established in theCharter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands. With this move, theUnited Nations deemed decolonization of the territory complete and removed it from theUnited Nations list of non-self-governing territories.[7]
