Cruel Coppinger (Cornish:Coppinger fell) is a semi-legendary figure inCornishfolklore. Coppinger was a real person, but variouslegends grew up around him, lending him nearsuperhuman powers and a fearsome reputation. He is portrayed as huge and fearsomeDane who after beingshipwrecked offCornwall became the leader of a feared band ofsmugglers.
The legend of Cruel Coppinger recognised today, is that recorded by Rev.Robert Stephen Hawker, the composer of the Cornish anthemThe Song of the Western Men, who collected the existing legends and, with a few additions of his own, published them inCharles Dickens' magazineAll the Year Round in 1866.
His story was prefaced with the verse:
Will you hear of Cruel Coppinger
He came from a foreign kind;
He was brought to us by the salt water,
He was carried away by the wind![1]
According to the legend, one night, during a great storm, a ship got into trouble near the shore of Cornwall. The local inhabitants turned out to the beach as they often would when there was a chance that a ship would be wrecked and valuable commodities washed up on shore.
On the deck of the ship they saw the lone figure of a huge man, who, leaping into the sea, waded through the surf until he reached the shore. There he grabbed the cloak of an old woman and leapt up on the horse of a young woman who had come down to the shore. Shouting something in a foreign tongue, later held to be the language of theVikings, he rode off with the girl and made his way to her house where he installed himself, uninvited. He announced himself as Coppinger fromDenmark, and little-by-little secured the favour of Dinah Hamlyn, the girl he had carried off.
Eventually he secured her hand in marriage. He mysteriously raised enough money to buy himself a house and lands, and set himself up as the leader of a feared band ofsmugglers,wreckers andpirates in Cornwall. He controlled a number ofbridle paths andfootpaths which converged at a steep cliff, at the foot of which was a cave where he kept his booty and stolenlivestock.
To discourage surveillance by theRevenue Officers, one of his gang beheaded one of them. Among the ships used by the "Cruel" gang was theBlack Prince, a ship built to Coppinger's own design in the shipyards of Denmark, with which he terrorised theEnglish Channel. Using his knowledge of the waters of the Cornish coast he lured a Revenuecutter into the shallow waters of a cove and wrecked her.
When his father-in-law died Coppinger was eager to secure the remainder of his money, and to force his widowed mother-in-law to hand it over, he would threaten to whip his wife with acat-o-nine-tails.
His son was born adeaf-mute. It was said that because of his father's crime, he was born without asoul. He was known to be mischievous and cruel, and one day was found laughing at the top of cliff, at the bottom of which was the body of a neighbour's child.
Coppinger is said to have disappeared one night when the pressure from the Revenue Officers finally became too much. A lone man saw him put out in small boat to a ship anchored off shore, which raised its sails and disappeared into the night. Coppinger was "carried away with the wind" and never seen again.
Little is known of the real Coppinger. Two possible models are John Coppinger who arrived in Cornwall in around 1793 and Daniel Coppinger who was shipwrecked in 1792. It is likely that the Cruel Coppinger of legend is based on an amalgamation of the two.
John Coppinger was of Danish stock, but his family had established itself inIreland. Reports in his family history suggest he leftCork in about 1760, and moved toRoscoff inBrittany where he had estates. His property in Brittany was destroyed during theFrench Revolution in 1793 and around this time he moved to Cornwall where he bought an estate namedTrewhiddle, nearSt Austell. It is likely that he supplied contraband from Brittany to Cornwall
Daniel Coppinger is closer to the version of Cruel Coppinger in the legend. Shipwrecked in 1792, he married a woman named Hamlyn, though she was much older than the young girl featured in the legend and was called Ann rather than Dinah. He had property inHartland and was known to be a "Free Trader" (a pirate or smuggler). He claimed to be a former Navy surgeon; a Coppinger did serve in theRoyal Navy as a surgeon around that time, but whether these two were the same person is unknown.
