| Council of Constantinople (843) | |
|---|---|
 Late 14th-early to 15th centuryicon illustrating theTriumph of Orthodoxy overiconoclasm in 843. (National Icon Collection 18,British Museum). | |
| Date | 3 or 4 March 843 (council), 11 March 843 (date of celebration) |
| Accepted by | |
Previous council | Council of Constantinople of 815 |
Next council | Council of Constantinople (861) |
| Convoked by | Theodora, mother ofEmperor Michael III |
| President | Patriarch Methodios I of Constantinople |
| Attendance | The HolyEndemic Synod of Constantinople |
| Topics |
|
| Location | Constantinople,Byzantium (modern-dayTurkey). |
| Chronological list of ecumenical councils | |
TheCouncil of Constantinople of 843 or theSynod of Constantinople of 843 was a local council (as opposed to anecumenical council) ofChristian bishops that was convened inConstantinople (modern-dayIstanbul,Turkey) in AD 843 by theByzantineregentTheodora to confirmiconophilism in the Church. This council is still celebrated on the first Sunday ofGreat Lent in theEastern Orthodox Church, as presecribed by the council. After the council which was under the presidency of the PatriarchMethodios I, the attendees met on 11 March 843 and symbolically processed from theBlachernae Church to theChurch of Hagia Sophia bearing anicon of theMother of God.[1]
In AD 815, iconoclasm was officially reinstated in theByzantine Empire byLeo the Armenian. This period is generally referred to as theSecond Iconoclasm and lasted until of the Council of Constantinople in 843.[2] In 829,Theophilos became the sole emperor and began an intensification of iconoclasm with an edict in 832 forbidding the veneration of icons.[1][3] After the death of Theophilos in January of 842, the empire was inherited by the infantMichael III and managed by his mother Theodora until 856. The eunuch andLogothetes tou dromouTheoktistos was appointed as coregent with Theodora and was her aid during her regency.[4] It is unclear whether or not Theophilos, being an iconoclast, had known that his wife Theodora was aniconophile.[5]
Theoktistos (who as coregent became a driving force against iconoclasm according to the historiansTheophanes Continuatus,Genesios,John Skylitzes, andZonaras) advocated for the replacement of the iconoclast patriarchJohn the Grammarian with Methodios I who had earlier been imprisoned by Theophilos.[6] Theodora consented, and Methodios was chosen to become the patriarch of Constantinople during the council on March 3 or 4, 843.[7][8] After he was elevated (probably a week later on March 11), he immediately disposed of and replaced a great number of iconoclast bishops in the empire.[4]
On March 3 or 4 of AD 843, a council was convened by Theodora. Little is known about the details of the council, and the lengthiest extant description of it comes from theVitae of Sts. David, Symeon and George.[7] The actual location of the synod is a point of dispute. TheSynodicon Vetus and many other authorities name the Kanikleiou Palace, the home of Theoktistos,[9] but there is some indication that this was the location of a pre-council meeting, while the actual synod location was held at the Blachernae Church.[7] Notable attendees of the council were Patriarch Methodios, Theodora, Theoktistos,Sergios Niketiates, and several iconoclast clergymen.[7][4]
The objective of the council was principally to reaffirm the canonical decisions regarding the proper veneration of icons that theSecond Council of Nicaea, the seventhecumenical council, had already made in AD 787. To do this, the council condemned two iconoclast councils,Hieria (754) andConstantinople (815), and disposed of any bishops who did not respect the resolutions of the Nicea council. These bishops were replaced by iconophile bishops who had been exiled during the Second Iconoclasm.[10] The Council of Hieria had also previously been condemned by the 787 Nicea council.[11] As a condition for signing the resolution of the 843 council, Theodora required that theanathema that the Church had placed on her late husband be lifted.[10][5]
It is likely that the official elevation of Methodios and restoration of the veneration of icons took place a week after the council onCheesefare Sunday in the Church of Hagia Sophia, which would be March 11, 843 (it was traditional to elevate a hierarch on a Sunday).[7][12] Methodios himself wrote that there weremonks from all over the empire present, includingMount Athos.[13] Participants symbolically processed from the Blachernae Church to the Church of Hagia Sophia, bearing an icon of the Mother of God to adorn the barren cathedral.[10] TheVitae of Sts. David, Symeon and George recounts, "At dawn, he took that greatphalanx of people and they raised on high with their hands the all-holy icon of our Lord and of the Mother of God who bore Him [Christ] and openly carried it through the street in public procession."[14] According to theBook of Ceremonies, the people chanted "Kyrie Eleison" during the procession.[7]
In the Church of Hagia Sophia, the people recited theSynodikon of Orthodoxy, a short profession of the validity of icon veneration which was authored by Patriarch Methodios.[8] This profession of faith is still recited today in the Eastern Orthodox Church on the first Sunday of Great Lent, called theSunday of Orthodoxy.[15] Beginning in the mid-eleventh century and then increasingly during theKomnenian era (1081–1185), the document received a series of additions. TheSynodikon serves as a fundamental piece of thetheology anddoctrine of icons in the Eastern Orthodox Church.[16]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)