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 The clubhouse in April 2022 | |
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| Formation | 1878; 148 years ago (1878) |
|---|---|
| Type | Private social club |
| 53-0052500 | |
| Location |
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| Services | Hotel (50 rooms), dining, athletics, meetings |
| Website | cosmosclub |
Cosmos Club | |
  Location of Cosmos Club inWashington, D.C. | |
| Coordinates | 38°54′41″N77°2′52″W / 38.91139°N 77.04778°W /38.91139; -77.04778 |
| NRHP reference No. | 73002079 |
| Added to NRHP | April 3, 1973 |
TheCosmos Club is a501(c)(7) private social club inWashington, D.C., that was founded byJohn Wesley Powell in 1878 as agentlemen's club for those interested in science.[1][2] Among its stated goals is, "The advancement of its members in science, literature, and art and also their mutual improvement by social intercourse."[3]
Cosmos Club members include 3United States presidents, 2 vice presidents,U.S. Supreme Court justices, artists, writers, businessmen, government officials, journalists, scientists, and university presidents, 36 Nobel Prize winners, 61 Pulitzer Prize winners, and 55 Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients.[4][5] In 1988, the Club opened to women.[4]
According to one history,Clarence Edward Dutton originally had the idea for a social club for men of science, and shared his idea with MajorJohn Wesley Powell.[6] On November 16, 1878, a group of men met atPowell's home at 910 M Street,Washington, D.C., and discussed their mutual interest in creating what began the Cosmos Club.[1][6] There are no minutes or attendance records from the organizational meeting. However, oral history says twelve attended the meeting.[6][1] Ten signed the articles of incorporation three weeks later, and Powell was selected as the club's temporary president.[1][6] The original incorporators included:
According to the articles of incorporation, "The particular objects and business of this association are the advancement of its members in science, literature and art, their mutual improvement by social intercourse, the acquisition and maintenance of a library, and the collection and care of materials and appliances related to the above subjects."[6]
The ten incorporators met again on January 6, 1879.[6] They approved bylaws, regulations, and rules, and also elected Powell as the official president.[1][6] They approved sixty individuals as founders; many of these were existing members of thePhilosophical Society of Washington which the group feared, was considering creating its own social club.[6] The cost to join was $25, slightly over $700 in today's money.[6] The annual dues were set at $20 for residents and $10 for non-residents.[6]
The original bylaws of the Cosmos Club had the following policy: "Membership in the Club was restricted by high qualification requirements and candidates were admitted only if they (1) had performed meritorious original work in science, literature, or the fine arts; (2) though not occupied in science, literature, or the fine arts, were well known to be cultivated in a special department thereof; and (3) were recognized as distinguished in a learned profession or in public service."[1]
According to its website, election to membership in the Cosmos Club honors those deemed to have "done meritorious original work in science, literature, or the arts, or...recognized as distinguished in a learned profession or in public service".[7]
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From 1879 to 1882, the Cosmos Club met in rented rooms on the third floor in the Corcoran Building on the corner ofPennsylvania Avenue and 15th Street NW in Washington, D.C.[8][6] The club moved into a rented house at 23 Madison Place inLafayette Square from 1883 to 1886.[8][6] However, the membership quickly outgrew the space.[6]
On June 1, 1886, the Club purchased theDolley Madison House for $40,000.[3][6] This house is located at the corner of H Street and Madison Place.[6] Madison's brother-in-law,Richard Cutts, built the house in 1820;Dolley Madison lived there from 1837 until her death in 1849.[6] Upon purchasing the building, the Club built an assembly hall addition and raised the height of the third story.[6] They held a gala on January 5, 1887, to celebrate their new home.[6] In 1893, the Club again expanded the building, adding two stories to the assembly hall.[6]
In 1940, the U.S. government purchased the house with the rest of the club's Lafayette Square holdings and added it to the National Courts Complex in 1952.[6][9] TheCutts-–Madison House is included in theNational Register of Historic Places and is a contributing building to theLafayette Square Historic District.
In 1906, the Club purchased a house south of the Madison House at 25 Madison Place NW.[6] In 1907, they purchased the house next door at 23 Madison Place NW—the club's former rental property.[6] Both houses were razed in 1909, allowing the club to build a new five-story clubhouse at 725 Madison Place that was completed in 1910.[6] This was dubbed "the new building".[6]
They also purchased a small office building on H Street, next to the Dolley Madison House.[6] However, in 1930,Congress directed theSecretary of the Treasury to purchase the private property on Madison Place for the expansion of governmental offices.[6] In 1939, the government offered the Club one million dollars for all of their holdings—the Madison House, the New Building, the office building, and the Tayloe House (described below).[6] Although its members did not want to move, the Club voted to sell on March 27, 1940.[6]
However, with the outbreak ofWorld War II, the government did not immediately pursue their played expansion.[3][6] Instead, the club was able to rent their former property on a year-to-year basis.[6] This arrangement was financially beneficial for the club as they no longer had to pay property taxes.[6] Finally, the Club moved to a new location in the Townsend House in 1952.[6]
The Lafayette Square property is now used by theUnited States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.[3][9]
In 1917, the Club bought theTayloe House, an 1828Federal style house at 21 Madison Place NW.[9][6] The Tayloe House was the club's women's annex, and its stables were converted into a meeting hall.[9] In 1952, the Club left Tayloe House when they moved into Townsend House.[10] The U.S. government purchased the house with the rest of the club's Lafayette Square holdings and added it to the National Courts Complex.[11][6][9] TheBenjamin Ogle Tayloe House is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places and is a contributing structure to theLafayette Square Historic District.
In 1950, the Club purchased theTownsend House at 2121Massachusetts Ave., N.W. Washington, D.C.[10] Designed by architectsCarrère and Hastings, the Townsend House was built for railroad and coal heiress Mary Scott Townsend between 1898 and 1900 and featuresLouis XV elements on aBeaux Arts-style exterior.[12][2] After renovations, the Club moved into the Townsend House in mid-1952.[10] Townsend House includes a billiards room, dining rooms, a fitness center, a library, parlors, overnight rooms, and a periodical room.[5] The house was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 1973.[12]
Members and visitors to the Cosmos Club must comply with its dress code.[5] Men must wear dress slacks, collared long-sleeved shirts or turtlenecks, and jackets. In addition, men must wear ties in the formal dining room for dinner, lunch, and Sunday brunch.[5] Memorial Day through Labor Day, the summer dress code permits business casual attire.[5]
The Cosmos Club offers book conversations, chess and bridge tournaments, monthly concerts, dancing lessons, holiday events, lunch and dinner lectures, and seasonal dinner dances.[5] Many of the activities are related to food, such as monthly lobster dinners, weekly champagne brunches, prime rib buffets, and wine tastings.[5] In addition, the Cosmos Club serves breakfast, lunch, and dinner for its members and their guests.[5]
Townsend House is also used by members for special events such as anniversary parties, birthday parties, cocktail parties, debutante parties, funeral receptions, and wedding receptions.[5]
The Cosmos Club has published theCosmos Bulletin since around 1946.[13] The club also publishes itsCosmos Club Occasional Paper Series, featuring articles written by its members.[14]
In 1990, the Cosmos Club began publication ofCosmos: A Journal of Emerging Issues as an annual publication of original essays by its members.[15][16] However, publication ceased in 2004.[2]
The Cosmos Club presents several awards and a scholarship:
Many organizations were founded at the Cosmos Club, including theNational Geographic Society in 1888,The Wilderness Society in 1935, and the Washington Academy of Sciences.[20][21][6] The American Institute of Physics also formed at the Cosmos Club on May 3, 1931.[22]
Since 1887, thePhilosophical Society of Washington, also known asPSW Science, meets at the assembly hall of the Cosmos Club, now called the John Wesley Powell auditorium in honor ofJohn Wesley Powell.[23]The Explorer's Club, theGeological Society of Washington, theCouncil on Foreign Relations, and the Washington Academy of Sciences also regularly met at the Cosmos Club.[6][24] Other organizations that used the Cosmos Club's facilities includeThe Columbia Historical Society, now the Historical Society of Washington, D.C., the Cosmotographers (a camera club), theFriday Morning Music Club, and theLiterary Society of Washington.[6]
On November 16, 1903, when the Cosmos Club celebrated its 25th anniversary, the membership had grown from the original twelve to 567: 408 residents, 159 non-residents.[1] As of 2017, the club had some 3,089 members in Full, Junior, Senior, and Emeritus categories. Members come from a wide variety of backgrounds, but a common theme among members is "a relation with scholarship, creative genius, or intellectual distinction".[25] In 1904, president William Henry Holmes divided members into 11 groups for admission purposes:[26][27][28]
The club was only for white men until the 1960s.[29] In 1962, the club's refusal to admit Black journalist and high-ranking State Department officialCarl T. Rowan prompted members such asBruce Catton andJohn Kenneth Galbraith to resign their memberships in protest.[29]Edward R. Murrow andJohn F. Kennedy withdrew their applications for membership.[29] Less than a year later, the Club admitted its first black member, historianJohn Hope Franklin.[30]
For its first 110 years, the Cosmos Club did not permit women to join, and it did not allow female guests to enter by the front door, or to enter rooms reserved for members.[29] In 1973, 1975, and 1980, the Club voted against admitting women.[29] In 1987, the Washington, D.C., Human Rights Office ruled that there was probable cause to believe that the club'smen-only policy violated the city'santi-discrimination law.[31] The office was ready to orderpublic hearings on the case, which could have resulted in the loss of all city licenses and permits if the all-male policy had continued.[31] However, on June 19, 1988, the Cosmos Club's membership overwhelmingly voted to accept women members—only 14 of the 771 voting members were against admitting women.[31][4][29] The first class of female members were admitted in October 1988.[4]
In 2015, theWashingtonian reported that annual dues are around $2,000.[5]
Members have access to reciprocating private clubs in other communities, including theAlgonquin Club in Boston,[32] theArlington Club inPortland, Oregon,[33] theCornell Club of New York,[34] The Cliff Dwellers in Chicago,[35] theDuquesne Club inPittsburgh,[36] theDown Town Association in New York City,[37]Engineering Society of Baltimore,[38] theHamilton Club of Lancaster,[39] theHarvard Club of Boston,[40] theHarvard Club of New York City,[41]The Lotos Club in New York City,[42] theNational Arts Club in New York City,[43] theNational Press Club in Washington, D.C.,[44] theNorfolk Yacht & Country Club in Virginia,[45]The Players of New York City,[46] thePenn Club of New York,[47]Princeton Club of New York,[48]Racquet Club of Philadelphia,[49]St. Botolph Club in Boston,[50] theSaint Louis Club,[51] theUniversity Club of San Francisco,[52] theWilliams Club in New York City,[53] theUnion Club of Boston,[54] and theUniversity Club of Denver.[55]
The Cosmos Club also has reciprocal agreements with clubs in other countries, includingThe Athenaeum in London,[56] theCarlton Club in London,[57]Caledonian Club in London,[58] theClub Financiero Génova in Madrid,[59]The East India Club in London,[60]Foreign Correspondents' Club in Hong Kong,[61]The National Club in Toronto,[62]The New Club in Edinburgh,[63] theOriental Club in London,[64]Oxford and Cambridge Club in London,[65] theSavile Club in London,[5]Stephen's Green Hibernian Club in Dublin,[66]The Tanglin Club in Singapore.[67]
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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