This article compares thepresidential candidates in the United States'2008 presidential election. It does not coverprevious elections. Because ofballot access restrictions in the United States, not all candidates appeared on the ballots in all states.
Those who wereon the ballot in enough states to theoretically win a majority in theU.S. Electoral College are marked inbold. Candidates who are known to have appeared on at least two states' ballots are marked initalic.
| Projected Federal income tax changes in 2009 assuming all tax proposals were adopted by congress and the budget remains the same. Yellow is for the projected tax change most favorable to people in that income bracket. | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | |
|---|---|---|
| Income | Average tax bill | Average tax bill |
| Over $2.9M | −$269,364 | +$701,885 |
| $603K and up | −$45,361 | +$115,974 |
| $227K–$603K | −$7,871 | +$12 |
| $161K–$227K | −$4,380 | −$2,789 |
| $112K–$161K | −$2,614 | −$2,204 |
| $66K–$112K | −$1,009 | −$1,290 |
| $38K–$66K | −$319 | −$1,042 |
| $19K–$38K | −$113 | −$892 |
| Under $19K | −$19 | −$567 |
| CNN,[15][16]Tax Policy Center,[17] BarackObama.com,[18] and JohnMcCain.com[19] | ||
The third-party candidates' tax plans were not studied by mainstream media outlets and the Tax Policy Center. Chuck Baldwin supports replacing the income tax with a 10% across-the-board tariff on imported goods.[20] Bob Barr supports replacing the income tax with aconsumption tax (theFairTax). The details of his exact plan are not known but consumption taxes tend to beregressive unless accompanied by anegative income tax for the poor to offset necessary expenditures.[21] Cynthia McKinney supports sharplyprogressive taxation, with higher taxes for the rich and a tax cut for the middle class.[22]
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Supported bailout | Supported bailout | ||
| Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | ||
| Opposed bailout.[23] Barr will seek to limit policies that permit political interference in the economy in favor of the exercise of a free-market economic model. This would include: formally and clearly end the bailouts which promote private economic retrenchment and corporate work-outs; limiting powers of the government to place sustained federal pressure to increase mortgage lending, through Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae; amending or revoking theCommunity Reinvestment Act; limiting the ability of the Federal Reserve to manipulate the currency for political purposes; Ensuring enforcement of the SEC regulations to insure solvency and transparency in the operation of major investment firms; Permanently lowering tax rates and simplifying taxes to more effectively reinforce long-term plans for hiring, inventory and production; cutting environmental rules such as Corporate Average Fuel Economy standards on vehicles; initiating a detailed audit of federal rules, relaxing or eliminating any regulations for which costs outweigh benefits; reducing penalties on people for delayed tax payments and premature withdrawals from IRAs; ending nonessential federal spending, particularly frivolous special interest outlays; Over the longer term, evaluate, plan, and implement for future federal liabilities and obligations—FDIC bank guarantees, Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation promises, Social Security and Medicare liabilities, and more.[24] | Opposed $700 billion bailout to Wall Street. Instead offered a 14-point proposal which included a moratorium on foreclosures; elimination of all ARM mortgages and their renegotiation into 30- or 40-year loans; the establishment of new mortgage lending practices to end predatory and discriminatory practices; the establishment of criteria and construction goals for affordable housing; a redefinition of credit and regulation of the credit industry so that discriminatory practices are eliminated; full funding for initiatives that eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in home ownership; recognition of shelter as a right according to the UN Declaration of Human Rights; targeting of funds to cushion job loss and provide for retraining of those at the bottom of the income scale as the economy transitions; the closure all tax loopholes and repeal of the Bush tax cuts for the top 1% of income earners; fair taxation of corporations, denial of federal subsidies to those who relocate jobs overseas repeal NAFTA; the appointment of former Comptroller General David Walker to fully audit all recipients of taxpayer cash infusions, including JP Morgan, Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and AIG, and to monitor their trading activities into the future; the elimination of all derivatives trading; the nationalization of the Federal Reserve; and the establishment of a federally owned, public banking system that makes credit available for small businesses, homeowners, manufacturing operations, renewable energy and infrastructure investments; and criminally prosecute any activities that violated the law, including conflicts of interest that led to the current crisis.[25] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Ralph Nader | ||
| Opposed bailout.[26][27] | Ralph Nader opposed the bailout, suggesting that derivatives transactions be taxed instead.[28] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain is a strong proponent offree trade.[29] He supports theNorth American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the existingGeneral Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and U.S. participation in theWorld Trade Organization (WTO).[29] He opposes including labor and environmental conditions to trade agreements.[29] | Obama supports expanding trade only if the United States' trade partners place labor and environmental standards on their industries to "level the playing field" for American interests. If elected president, Obama plans to renegotiate NAFTA to include stricter labor and environmental standards for Canada and Mexico. He has criticized the current agreement for not including such standards, and he also voted against and criticized theCentral America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) for similar reasons.[30] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would lead the US out of theNorth American and theCentral America Free Trade Agreements.[31] He would impose a revenuetariff.[32] | Barr's campaign site states that America "should encourage private involvement around the world, particularly through free trade. The most effective way to preserve peace is through an expanding free market, backed by a full range of cultural and other private relationships".[33] | McKinney stresses enacting laws on US corporations to keep labor standards high at home and raise them abroad. She would repeal NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), CAFTA, the Caribbean FTA, and US-Peru FTA. She opposes the guest-worker program as riddled with abuses; supports justice for immigrant workers, and immigrant reform that includes amnesty and a path to legalization for undocumented people who have been living and working in the US for years.[34] | Nader views NAFTA and the WTO as subverting national regulatory agencies. He blames them for diminishing standards of living (i.e.race to the bottom). Nader supports a constitutional amendment asserting the "sovereignty of people over the power of corporations."[35] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain favors tax credits of up to $5,000 for families that purchase health insurance.[36] "We do not believe in coercion and the use of state power to mandate care, coverage or costs."[36] His plan would reduce the number of uninsured by 1 million by 2009 and 5 million by 2013, while raising the national debt by $1.3 trillion over 10 years, according to one estimate.[37] | Obama's health care plan includes implementing guaranteed eligibility for affordable health care for all Americans.[38] His plan would reduce the number of uninsured by 18 million by 2009 and 34 million by 2018, covering nearly all children, while raising the national debt by $1.6 trillion over 10 years, according to one estimate.[39] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Believes in supplying better health care to America's veterans.[31] Supports freedom of choice, opposes compulsory vaccination.[32] | Wants to cut costs by reducing controls and regulations. Believes Medicare and Medicaid are financially unstable, and "need to be transformed to emphasize patient choice, focus on the truly needy, and add cost-saving incentives."[40] | Co-sponsored every bill in Congress to create a system ofuniversal health care under asingle payer model. Opposes forced, coerced, or uninformed medication and sterilization; believes Americans should be able to purchase drugs from other countries if the price is cheaper, and the U.S. should negotiate with drug companies to provide cheaper drugs for all U.S. residents.[34] | Nader supports a universalsingle-payer health care system and fullMedicare for everyone.[41] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| While McCain has more often favored deficit reduction over tax cuts,[42][43] he supports both, and has pledged not to rescind recent tax cuts in combination with reduced spending.[44][45][46] McCain believes that lower taxes will stimulate the economy, and that the current deficit owes more to overspending than to tax cuts.[47] McCain plans to balance the budget by the end of his first term.[45] According to the Tax Policy Center, McCain's tax plans (by extending the Bush tax cuts and cutting corporate tax rates from 35% to 25% to increase investment, among other measures), would increase the national debt by nearly $5 trillion over 10 years, a nearly 50% increase.[37] | Obama advocates responding to the "precarious budget situation" by eliminating "tax credits that have outlived their usefulness", closing corporate tax loopholes, and restoring thePAYGO policy that prohibits increases in federal spending without a way to compensate for the lost revenue.[48] Obama proposes extending the Bush tax cuts for low- and middle-income families, while letting taxes go back up for individuals earning over $200,000 or couples earning over $250,000. | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would work to repeal theSixteenth Amendment (income tax), inheritance taxes, and property taxes. "We arebankrupting our country with this incessant and burdensome tax system."[31] | Barr supports repealing theSixteenth Amendment and mentions theFair Tax as a possible alternative. "Meaningful tax reform begins with reining in government spending."[49] | Would repeal Bush tax cuts for top 1% of income earners; close tax loopholes; tax corporations more; and deny federal subsidies to those who relocate jobs overseas. Proposes to regain control of the monetary system and respond to the2008 financial crisis, by steps that include a moratorium on foreclosures; elimination of all ARM mortgages and their renegotiation into 30- or 40-year loans; establishment of new mortgage lending practices to end predatory and discriminatory practices; funds targeted at cushioning job loss and retraining of those at the bottom of the income scale as the economy transitions; appointment of former Comptroller General David Walker to fully audit all recipients of taxpayer cash infusions, including JP Morgan, Bear Stearns, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and AIG, and to monitor their trading activities into the future; elimination of all derivatives trading; nationalization of the Federal Reserve and the establishment of a federally owned, public banking system that makes credit available for small businesses, homeowners, manufacturing operations, renewable energy, and infrastructure investments; criminal prosecution of any conflicts of interest that led to the current crisis.[25] | Nader opposescorporate welfare and seeks to end corporate loopholes, exemptions, credits, accelerated depreciation schedules, deductions, and targeted exceptions.[50] He would balance the national budget by cutting military spending by $100 billion, or about a fifth, and through sharplyprogressive taxation.[51] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| In June 1999, McCain said "The only way to increase the yield on Social Security dollars is by allowing workers to make investment decisions for themselves; by empowering American families to invest, in most robust portfolios, a portion of their earnings for Social Security that they would otherwise pay in taxes to Social Security."[52] In January 2000, he repeated his strong support for creating private Social Security accounts.[53] Partial privatization, or diverting payroll taxes to private accounts, would reduce available funds for current retirees significantly, requiring large debt increases to cover the transition.[54] | Obama has said that Social Security's funding problem is "real but manageable." He has proposed to fund Social Security by applying payroll taxes to individual income above $250,000 per year, and says that these high-income earners should "pay their fair share." When asked if he would consider raising the retirement age or cutting benefits, Obama did not rule these approaches out entirely, saying, "everything should be on the table." However, he has said that he would not push for either of those approaches, and says that an increase in tax revenue is necessary to stabilize the system. Obama opposes adding personal accounts to Social Security.[55] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Phase out Social Security.[32] | Social security is not sustainable.[56] Social Security should be changed to an "individualized system of private accounts."[57] | McKinney strongly opposes privatizing Social Security, and recognizes cuts disproportionately harm women.[58] She believes tax payments on benefits should be reduced, and benefits increased.[59] | Nader views Social Security as "government as it should work – a coming together of society to ensure that we, as a community, take care of each other as we age or suffer from disabilities."[60] Nader opposes a privatized system that would replace "systemic tranquility with an enforced anxiety". He says people are already able to take risk in the stock market throughIRAs,401Ks and other tax-subsidized private retirement devices.[60] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain is against government regulation ofnetwork neutrality unless evidence of abuse exists. He is quoted in May 2007 as saying, "let's see how this thing all turns out, rather than anticipate a problem that so far has not arisen in any significant way,"[61] and, "When you control the pipe you should be able to get profit from your investment."[62] | Obama is "a strong supporter of Net neutrality," saying that regulations are required to prevent the telecom companies from changing "the internet as we know it." Promoting net neutrality would be a priority in his first year as president.[63] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| In June, 2006 McKinney voted for network neutrality.[64] | Strongly supports net neutrality.[65] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain does not allow his staffers to hold positions as lobbyists.[66] | Obama does not take contributions from federally registered lobbyists or PACs, though he does accept money from non-federal lobbyists and unregistered lobbyists.[66] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| At the beginning of his campaign, Nader stated that he "will receive no money from commercial interests, no money from political action committees, only from individuals."[41] He sees Washington D.C. as "corporate-occupied territory, every department agency controlled by overwhelming presence of corporate lobbyists, corporate executives in high government positions."[41] He supports public financing of campaigns and free TV and radio time for ballot qualified candidates.[67] | |||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain is opposed to federal funding ofAmtrak. He considers it to be a "pork barrel project", particularly as far as longer distance trains are concerned.[68][69] He has also argued for more stringent safety standards with respect to cars.[70] | |||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Supports increased funding for public transit using alternative fuel technologies.[71] | Nader was instrumental in the unanimous passage of the 1966National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act.[72] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain voted for theFamily and Medical Leave Act of 1993 which granted workers the right to take 12 weeks of unpaid leave for family medical reasons without being penalized by their employer. McCain sponsored the Family Friendly Workplace Act which sought to allow employers to provide more flexible work schedules to help balance work and family.[73] | |||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Impose a revenuetariff on all foreign goods to keep jobs in America.[32] | Wants to repeal the anti-unionTaft-Hartley Act.[74] Supportsfull employment and aliving wage for all workers. Supports justice for immigrant workers, and opposes guest-worker programs as riddled with abuses.[75] Opposes 'free trade' agreements and unelected international trade authorities (NAFTA, CAFTA, WTO, GATT, 'Fast Track', etc.) that give corporate power and profit priority over labor rights and environmental protections; McKinney has voted against these agreements and advocates withdrawal. Human rights protections and amnesty for undocumented immigrants, an end to raids, and tearing down the border wall; believes the flood of new immigrants is a result of economic policies and agreements (e.g., NAFTA) that impoverish people and drive them across borders, and that immigration should be addressed by fixing these policies while ensuring worker rights and right to organize. Favors a strong safety net for middle- and low-income working people and families, with support for Main Street (small businesses and local economies) instead of Wall Street, and a massive transfer of federal funding from military contract and war spending to human needs.[74] | Nader promises to repeal theTaft-Hartley Act.[41] He supports an increase in the minimum wage to $10 an hour to give low-wage workers "a fair return for their work".[76] Nader supportsfamily farms and opposes largeagribusiness.[77] He is credited with helping pass theMine Health and Safety Act (1977),Whistleblower Protection Act (1989), andOSHA (1970) – all three are fundamental to modern labor protection.[72] | |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would eliminate theFederal Reserve and move the US fromfiat currency back tohard money.[31] | "Congress must insist on accountability and transparency in the Federal Reserve's operation, while reconsidering the Fed's almost total control over the money supply."[78] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain sponsored legislation to support the commercial space industry and led the Senate's efforts to implement improvements to NASA after the Columbia accident. McCain pledged that as president he would ensure that space exploration is top priority and that the U.S. remains a leader and is committed to funding the NASA Constellation program to ensure it has the resources it needs to begin a new era of human space exploration.[79] | "As president, Obama will support the development of this vital new platformCrew Exploration Vehicle to ensure that the United States' reliance on foreign space capabilities is limited to the minimum possible time period."[80] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| In a speech to theAmerican Israel Public Affairs Committee on April 23, 2002, McCain said that "no American leader should be expected to sell a false peace to our ally, consider Israel's right to self-defense less legitimate than ours, or insist that Israel negotiate a political settlement while terrorism remains the Palestinians' preferred bargaining tool."[81] | Obama supports a two-state solution.[82] Referring to theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict in January 2006, Obama denouncedHamas while praising former Israeli Prime MinisterAriel Sharon. At a meeting with then Israeli Foreign MinisterSilvan Shalom on the eve ofHamas' sweeping election victory,[83] Obama stated that Sharon's role in the conflict had always been "absolutely important and constructive."[citation needed] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| US should stop weapons transfers to Middle East countries, including Israel—and be "honest broker." In terms of two- versus one-state solution, would listen to the voices and human rights advocates who are there.[84] | Nader supports theIsraeli peace movement and views resolution of theIsraeli–Palestinian conflict as central to national security.[85][86] Nader was critical of the US-supportedbombing of Lebanon in 2006, seeing it ascollective punishment.[85] Nader wants enforcement ofUN resolutions concerning Israel and a peacefultwo-state solution.[85] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain supported the invasion of Iraq and has stated that he would keep troops in Iraq for as long as needed, dependent on agreement from the Iraqi government. "It's not a matter of how long we're in Iraq, it's if we succeed or not."[87] John McCain was an early supporter ofthe Surge. | Obama opposed the Iraq war as early as 2002 and has pledged a responsible, phased withdrawal.[88] Obama was a strong opponent ofthe Surge and up until July 2008, he continued to call it a failure, in spite of a general consensus that the surge had been a success.[89] and he wrote and introduced theIraq War De-Escalation Act of 2007 which would have stopped the Surge and started to pull American troops out of Iraq in 2007.[90] He continues to criticize the Surge because he says it has not achieved political reconciliation, has overtaxed the military and diverted focus from Afghanistan and Pakistan, which he considers to be the central front in the war on terror.[88] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin has stated that the US's involvement in Iraq is clearly unconstitutional as well as unnecessary, and would begin safely withdrawing troops.[31] | Barr considers the invasion and occupation of Iraq to have been mistakes. American presence "emboldens both insurgents and terrorists", and has cost "hundreds of billions of U.S. taxpayer dollars." He supports "withdrawal without undue delay."[91] | McKinney calls for the immediate and orderly withdrawal of all US troops and contracted personnel from Iraq and Afghanistan; she would dismantle US military bases in the area, and demand that US and other international corporations relinquish any claims to Iraqi oil or other resources.[92] She has consistently opposed funding for the war and the military budget.[93] | Nader opposes the US occupation of Iraq on the grounds that "it's the occupation that is breeding the resistance."[94] He supports a "responsible, orderly withdrawal" within six months.[94] Following withdrawal, he supports inclusion of an international peacekeeping force under UN auspices, promotion of Iraqi self-rule through independent elections, and the providing of humanitarian aid to stabilize the country.[95] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain called the crisis with Iran "the most serious crisis we have faced – outside of the entirewar on terror – since the end of theCold War." "Nuclear capability in Iran is unacceptable," said McCain. McCain criticized Russia and China for causing "gridlock" in theUN Security Council and preventing the sanctioning of Iran as well as other areas of conflict such asDarfur and Burma. If elected, McCain pledges to create a "league of democracies" with the purpose of addressing those conflicts without the approval of China and Russia.[96] | Obama stated he regards Iran's government as "a threat to all of us," stating that the US "should take no option, including military action, off the table. Sustained and aggressive diplomacy combined with tough sanctions should be our primary means to prevent Iran from building nuclear weapons."[97] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Has stated that "an attack on Iran would be unnecessary, counterproductive, costly and dangerous", that "[t]here is no imminent threat, and only an imminent threat can ever justify a preemptive strike", and concludes "any nonproliferation strategy must begin with diplomacy and include a willingness to address the other side".[98] | McKinney believes we must leave behind the militarization that has accompanied the Bush administration. She supports leaving Iraq and moving toward peaceful methods of dealing with other countries.[99] | Nader believes the US must stop "saber rattling" with Iran and take upIran's proposal in 2003 to negotiate all outstanding issues between the US and Iran.[86] | |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain called upon the United States to reject Sudan's demand that the AU peacekeeping force leave or be bullied. McCain believes that America must convince our allies in the region and friendly Arab nations to abandon their support for Sudan and force them to accept more peacekeepers. On a more immediate time-frame McCain called for the use of NATO air-power to establish a no-fly zone and the use of intelligence assets to gather evidence of genocide and build cases against its perpetrators.[100] | In a December 2005 opinion column inThe Washington Post, and at theSave Darfur rally in April 2006, Obama called for more assertive action to opposegenocide in theDarfur region of Sudan.[101] He hasdivested $180,000 in personal holdings of Sudan-related stock, and has urged divestment from companies doing business in Iran.[102] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Expressed concern that atrocities in Darfur might be used to justify US occupation of Sudan.[103] | Nader believes the US could do more to end thegenocide in Darfur. He would refuse normalized relations with theGovernment of Sudan "until the Sudanese government removes all obstacles to the full deployment of the multilateralUNAMID, fully implements theCPA, and engages in good faith in a comprehensive, open and inclusive peace process."[104] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain voted in favor of theNunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction in 1991.[105] He voted to ratify theSTART II strategic arms limitation treaty in 1996.[106] McCain voted against theComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in 1999.[107] In March 2008, McCain said that United States should reduce itsnuclear arsenal to encourage other nations to reduce their arsenals. | Obama has spoken out againstnuclear proliferation. According to his campaign website, Obama will "crack down on nuclear proliferation by strengthening theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty."[108] Obama has also vowed to stop the development of new American nuclear arms, pursuing an ultimate goal of "a world without nuclear weapons."[108] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| McKinney supports the reduction ofnuclear weapons in the U.S. and is a strong supporter of theComprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty,Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty andAnti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. She also wants to ban the manufacture and use of depleteduranium.[109] | Nader describes nuclear weapons as "horrifying" and supports theNuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. He would adopt a no-first use policy, take all nuclear missiles off "hair-trigger" alert, and push for ratification of theSTART II andComprehensive Test Ban Treaty as well as working with othernuclear states towards the eventual abolition of Nuclear weapons.[110] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| In October 2006, McCain said that he believed the former PresidentBill Clinton and his administration were to blame for theNorth Korea's weapons of mass destruction. He said that the U.S. had "concluded an unenforceable and untransparent agreement", allowing North Korea to keep plutonium rods in a reactor.[111] | |||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain maintains a relatively moderate stance concerning Pakistan, although he has recognized the South Asian nation as an important part of US Foreign Policy. In the aftermath of Pakistan's former Prime MinisterBenazir Bhutto's assassination (in December 2007) McCain appeared to rule out the option of US forces entering Pakistan, saying that it was not an appropriate time to "threaten" Pakistan.[112] | On August 1, 2007, Obama declared in a foreign policy speech that the United States must be willing to strike al Qaeda targets inside Pakistan, with or without the consent of the Pakistani government. He claimed that if elected, "If we have actionable intelligence about high value terrorist targets and President Musharraf won't act, we will".[113] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| "Free and fair elections, not U.S. troops, are the best strategy for achieving peace and stability in Pakistan." is the belief of Cynthia McKinney in Pakistan. She also opposes a United States war with Pakistan.[114] | Nader has said that military action against Pakistan is off the table. | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| In October 2005, McCain, a formerPOW, introduced theMcCain Detainee Amendment to the Defense Appropriations bill for 2005. That month, the U.S. Senate voted 90–9 to support the amendment.[115] In October 2007, McCain said ofwaterboarding that, "They [other presidential candidates] should know what it is. It is not a complicated procedure. It is torture."[116] However, in February 2008 he voted against HR 2082, theIntelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008, which included provisions that would have prevented the CIA from waterboarding prisoners. | Obama voted against theMilitary Commissions Act of 2006[117] and later voted to restorehabeas corpus to those detained by the U.S. (which had been stripped by the Military Commissions Act).[118] He has advocated closing theGuantanamo Bay detention camp, but has not supported two specific bills that would have done so.[119] Obama opposes the use of torture.[120] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Nader viewsCIA kidnapping and extraordinary rendition as leading to diminished respect around the world.[121] "Constitutional crimes against due process, probable cause, habeas corpus, together with torture and indefinite imprisonment... will worsen and erode American jurisprudence with serious consequences for both the nation's security and its liberties."[122] | |||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| At a town hall meeting January 6, 2008 McCain was reported to have answered a question on the Armenian genocide by noting that he recognizes the Armenian genocide, but opposes the Armenian Genocide Resolution due to the Turkish government's sensitivities and the importance of their continued contribution to the war on terror.[123] On September 29, 2008, in an open letter to the Armenian-American Community of the United States he stated, that "it is fair to say that one of the greatest tragedies of the 20th century, the brutal murder of as many as one and a half million Armenians under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, has also been one of the most neglected" and that "it is our responsibility to recognize those tragic events".[124] | On January 19, 2008, Obama announced that as a U.S. Senator, he has stood with theArmenian American community in calling for Turkey's acknowledgement of theArmenian genocide, and supports itsrecognition. In 2006, Obama criticized Secretary of StateCondoleezza Rice for firingUnited States Ambassador to Armenia,John Evans, after he used the term "genocide" to describe Turkey's killing of hundreds of thousands ofArmenians.[125] In June 2008 Obama restated his commitment to U.S. recognition of the Armenian genocide in a letter toANCA ChairmanKen Hachikian.[126] Obama supportedHouse Resolution 106 which recognized the killings as genocide. | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain believes America should continue to work to secure an independent Taiwan and opposes the ability of corporations owned by the ChinesePeople's Liberation Army to make financial contributions to American political campaigns.[127] | |||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| China is a potential military threat, and economic policies toward it weaken key American industries.[31] | |||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Though John McCain plans to expand foreign aid, specifically targeting malaria in Africa, he has expressed concern that too much American aid money is embezzled or outright stolen by corrupt foreign governments.[128][129] | Obama would double foreign aid to $50 billion by 2012.[128] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin believes that the U.S. is not the world's policeman, and would end all foreign aid and interventionist policies.[31] | "[F]oreign aid has proved to be a drain on the U.S. economy while doing little good for the recipients. Aid is routinely used by corrupt foreign governments to oppress their people and enrich powerful elites. Foreign aid almost always discourages economic and political reform, while subsidizing nations which often work against U.S. interests."[130] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain said that it was critical to avoid further confrontation between Russian and Georgian forces. McCain wanted to work with the EU and theOSCE to pressure Russia to withdraw from all sovereign Georgian territory.[131] | |||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain stated that the oil-for-food scandal and perennial failure to uphold Human Rights had demonstrated a "crying need for reform" in the UN. | |||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would withdraw the US from the United Nations, perceiving it to be a threat to American sovereignty.[31] | Barr calls the United Nations "an enormous disappointment" and asserts that "[t]he U.S. should push to roll back the UN's functions and slash America's financial contribution".[132] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain's stances onglobal warming and other environmental issues have often put him at odds with the Bush administration and other Republicans. For example, he has generally opposed drilling in theArctic National Wildlife Refuge.[133] According to the League of Conservation Voters' 2006 National Environmental Scorecard, McCain took an "anti-environment" stance on four of seven environmental resolutions during the second session of the 109th congress. The four resolutions dealt with issues such asoffshore drilling, an Arctic national wildlife refuge, low-income energy assistance, and environmental funding.[134] McCain's measures to lower auto emissions include higher fines for not complying with CAFE standards, calling for a level playing field for all alcohol-based biofuels, issuing a Clean Car Challenge to automakers (a US$5,000 tax credit for each and every customer who buys a zero-emissions car) and awarding a substantial prize to the auto company that develops a next-generation car battery.[135] | Obama has a 'New Energy for America' plan and he has pledged to cutgreenhouse gas emissions 80 percent below 1990 levels by 2050 by forcing a market-basedcap-and-trade system,[136] recommitting federal resources topublic mass transportation andcarbon sequestration (incentives to plant trees, restore grasslands or undertake farming practices). Obama also has plans for improving air and water quality through reduced carbon emissions.[137] Obama worked as a member of theUS Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works during the 109th Congress.[138] At least 30 percent of federal government's electricity would come fromrenewable sources by 2020.[137] Also, he wants to create a 'Global Energy Forum' of the largest energy consuming nations (G8+5). TheLeague of Conservation Voters has given Obama the highest lifetime rating of anyone currently running for president.[139] | ||
| Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | ||
| Barr pledges to eliminate restrictions that inhibit energy production, as well as all special privileges for the production of politically favored fuels, such as ethanol; supports the exploration and production of America's abundant domestic resources, including oil in the Outer Continental Shelf and Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, and alternative sources such asoil shale, which would lower costs to the consumer and assure more adequate and consistent supplies.[140] | McKinney plans to create a cap on production and consumption as well as add organic farming, sustainability, and GM to the current Farm Bill. She also plans to assess toxic levels afterHurricane Katrina andHurricane Rita. She voted yes on furtherAmtrak funding and no on changing theEndangered Species Act of 1973. She also voted down a bill that allowed commercial logging on public land.[141] | ||
| Ralph Nader | Chuck Baldwin | ||
| Nader is credited with helping theClean Air Act (1970) andSafe Drinking Water Act (1974).[72] He was one of the first public figures to advocaterenewable energy during the 1970s.[142] Nader supports mandatory standards for recycling andprecycling, especially in areas of government control.[143] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain gave a major speech on his energy policy at theCenter for Strategic and International Studies. He connected energy independence with national security, climate change, and the environment.[144][145] McCain proposed increasing ethanol imports[citation needed] and moving from exploration to production ofplug-in hybrid electric vehicles. He said that US dependence on foreign oil is "a major strategic vulnerability, a serious threat to our security, our economy and the well being of our planet." He is co-sponsor of a Senatecap-and-trade bill designed to limit greenhouse gas emissions,[146] and is seen as a bipartisan leader on the issue. McCain supports the increased use ofnuclear energy in the US and reducerenewable sources to produce electricity. He has promoted the expanded use of nuclear power, calling for 45 new nuclear reactors to be built by 2030.[147] | Obama has presented a 'New Energy for America' plan to achieve alow carbon economy, subsidizing 5 million newgreen jobs.[136] He proposes $150 billion over 10 years to accelerate the commercialization ofplug-in hybrids, promote development ofcommercial scale renewable energy (establishing a 100% federalRPS to require that 10 percent of electricity be derived from renewable sources by 2012 and 25% in 2025[137]), encourageenergy efficiency, advance the next generation ofbiofuels (requiring 60 billion US gallons (230,000,000 m3) by 2030) and fuel infrastructure, and begin transition to a newdigital electricity grid (smart metering,demand response,distributed generation and electricity storage systems).[136] He also plans to reduce overall U.S.oil consumption by at least 35%, or 10 million barrels (1,600,000 m3) per day, by 2030 to offset imports fromOPEC nations.[148][149] Obama and other senators introduced theBioFuels Security Act in 2006. Regarding the domestic use ofnuclear power, Obama declared himself flatly opposed to building a nuclear waste repository in Nevada and has called for the facility's closure.[150] However, Obama voted for theEnergy Policy Act of 2005, which allocated $4.3 billion in tax credits to the nuclear energy sector.[151][152] Obama and other senators introduced a bill in 2007 to promote the development of commercially viableplug-in hybrids and other electric-drive vehicles in order to shift away from petroleum fuels and "toward much cleaner – and cheaper – electricity for transportation".[153] In his plan, related with transportation, he proposes increasefuel economy standards 4 percent per each year, specific focus on R&D in advanced battery technology and a $7,000tax credit for the purchase of advanced technology vehicles as well as conversion tax credits and $4 billion retooling tax credits and loan guarantees for domestic auto plants and parts manufacturers; the entire White House fleet would be converted to plug-ins and half of cars purchased by the federal government will be plug-in (hybrids or all-electric) vehicles by 2012.[136] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Would dissolve theDepartment of Energy. Believes in American energy independence by repealing prohibitions on domestic oil drilling, oil refineries, and nuclear plants.[31] | Says thefree market needs to be the foundation of the United States' energy policy. Supports drilling in theArctic National Wildlife Refuge.[154] | McKinney wants to leaveAlaskan oil in the ground, declare the U.S. carbon-free andnuclear-free, and implement theKyoto Treaty. She has voted no on scheduling permitting for new oil refineries and authorizing construction of new oil refineries. She has voted yes on keeping moratorium on drilling for oil offshore, raising CAFE standards; incentives for alternative fuels, prohibiting oil drilling development in ANWR, and starting implementation of Kyoto Protocol.[155] | Nader is a strong supporter ofsolar energy and wants to end government subsidies for the fossil fuel and nuclear energy industries.[143] He says "technologies are way ahead of the political framework" and envisions a "massive conversion from a hydrocarbon-based economy to a carbohydrate-based economy" within 20 to 25 years.[142][143] He opposescorn ethanol "which has a very poor net energy and water-usage characteristic" in favor ofcellulosic ethanol.[142] He says thatcap-and-trade programs "can be easily manipulated" and wants to tax inefficient technology and pollution at the production source.[142] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain voted for the appointment of JusticeRoberts. McCain favors a more Constructionist standpoint and says he would work to safeguard againstJudicial activism.[156] | Barack Obama was 1 of 22 senators to vote against the appointment of JusticeRoberts. | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| In 2004, McCain voted against theFederal Marriage Amendment, arguing that each state should be able to choose whether to recognizesame-sex marriages.[157][158] He supported the2006 Arizona initiative to ban same-sex marriage.[159] | Obama voted against theFederal Marriage Amendment which would have defined marriage as between one man and one woman, but personally believes that marriage is a religious bond between a man and a woman. He supportscivil unions forsame-sex couples which would be same-sex marriage in all but name, but believes that decisions about the name marriage should be left to the states.[160][161][162] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin believes marriage is between a man and a woman and supports the DOMA.[citation needed] | Barr opposes any federal definition of marriage, whether by statute orconstitutional amendment. He believes the states should be free to determine what constitutes marriage.[163] | Supports homosexual adoption and has aHRC 80 rating on gay rights issues.[58] | Nader opposesDOMA and the military'sDon't Ask Don't Tell policy. He says, "We've got to get rid of this discrimination, this chilling, this bigotry toward gays and lesbians that are reflected in literally hundreds and hundreds of statutes and regulations in this country."[164] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| On February 18, 2007, John McCain stated, "I do not support Roe versus Wade. It should be overturned."[165] McCain believes that Roe v. Wade should be overturned and that the issue of abortion should be returned to the states. | In his write-in response to a 1998 survey, Obama stated his abortion position as: "Abortions should be legally available in accordance withRoe v. Wade."[166] While serving in theIllinois Senate, Obama voted against bills that includedpartial birth abortion bans. In the presidential debate of October 16, 2008, he argued that partial birth abortions were already illegal, and he does not support the practice in accordance with Illinois law.[citation needed] He has received a 100 percent rating from the IllinoisPlanned Parenthood Council[167] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would encourage Congress to passRon Paul's Sanctity of Life Act. Would deny federal funds to abortion clinics.[31] | McKinney supports full reproductive rights for women, including safe access to comprehensive prenatal and postnatal/infant care; family planning services and contraception, including "morning after" medication; and abortion. She rejects forced, coerced, or uninformed medication and sterilization, and supportssingle-payer universal healthcare.[168] | Nader is opposed to legal restrictions on abortion, "I don't think government has the proper role in forcing a woman to have a child or forcing a woman not to have a child... This is something that should be privately decided with the family, woman, all the other private factors of it, but we should work toward preventing the necessity of abortion."[169] | |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| John McCain believes that theright to keep and bear arms is a fundamental, individual Constitutional right. In the past he has voted to protect gun manufacturers from attempts to make them liable for crimes committed by third parties. McCain opposes restrictions on assault rifles and has voted against such bans. He has supported legislation requiring gun manufacturers to include gun safety devices such astrigger locks in product packaging. He cosponsored legislation to lift theDC gun ban. McCain opposed "waiting periods" for the purchase of firearms.[170] McCain also voted against the 1993Brady Bill to restrict the availability of handguns.[171] | During a February 15, 2008 press conference, Obama stated, "I think there is an individual right to bear arms, but it's subject to commonsense regulation."[citation needed] He supports the right of local municipalities to determine gun laws.[172][173] Obama has also stated that he will work to reintroduce the expiredFederal Assault Weapons Ban and to make it permanent.[174] In Illinois, he backed changes to state law that included a ban on assault weapons sales and limiting handgun sales to one a month. In Congress, he voted to leave gun-makers and dealers open to lawsuits for actions committed by third parties.[175][176] Obama has proposed outlawing types of ammunition.[177] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Supports theright to bear arms as an individual right.[31] | Supports theright to bear arms as an individual right. "I oppose any law requiring registration of, or restricting the ownership, manufacture, or transfer or sale of firearms or ammunition to law-abiding citizens."[178] | ||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain indicated that he supported the use of the death penalty, mandatory prison terms for selling illegal drugs, and stronger restrictions on the purchase and possession of guns.[179][180][181] McCain is a proponent ofmandatory sentencing in general.[182] | Obama favors the death penalty for cases in which "the community is justified in expressing the full measure of its outrage."[183] On June 25, 2008, Obama condemnedUnited States Supreme Court decisionKennedy v. Louisiana, which outlawed the death penalty for a child rapist when the victim was not killed. He said that states have the right to consider capital punishment, but cited concern about the possibility of unfairness in some sentences.[184] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| It is the main focus of McKinney's stance on crime that capital punishment should be replaced withlife imprisonment. She has voted against bills that would make death penalty appeals harder and the prosecution and sentencing ofjuvenile delinquency. She has voted in favor of bills that would keephabeas corpus rights in death penalty appeals, as well as in favor of bills to replace the death penalty and finding alternative sentences to capital punishment. She also supports stronger sentencing forhate crimes.[185] | |||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain promoted the legislation and eventually the granting of citizenship to the estimated 12–20 million illegal aliens in the United States and the creation of an additionalguest worker program with an option for permanent immigration. In his bid for the 2000 presidential nomination, McCain supported expansion of theH-1B visa program, a temporary visa for skilled workers.[186] In 2005, he co-sponsored a bill withTed Kennedy that would expand use of guest worker visas.[187] | Obama's plan: 1) Improve border security; 2) Crack down on employers who hire illegal immigrants; 3) Enable immigrants in the country illegally to voluntarily pay a fine, learn English, and get in line for legal citizenship; 4) Fix the immigration bureaucracy; and 5) Provide additional economic assistance to Mexico.[188] Obama also supports issuing driver's licenses to illegal immigrants to prevent unlicensed drivers from creating a public safety hazard.[189] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would enforce visa rules, and does not support a "path to citizenship"/amnesty for aliens currently residing in the US illegally. Employers who knowingly hire illegals would be prosecuted to the fullest extent of the law. Would end "birthright citizenship", and thus end the problem of "anchor babies". No federal monies would be used for any services to illegal aliens.[31] | Supports better border security to crack down on illegal immigration while also supporting reforms that will "sharply increase" legal immigration. Supports ending birthright citizenship and ending government benefits and services for illegal immigrants.[190] | McKinney believes the wave of new immigration is a result of economic policies and agreements (e.g., NAFTA) that impoverish people and drive them across borders. She opposes the guest-worker program as riddled with abuses, and support human rights protections and amnesty for immigrants in the country illegally, an end to raids, and tearing down the border wall.[191] | Nader does not supportopen borders, which he says will create a "cheap-wage policy" for businesses.[192] He supports giving illegal workers, who have their taxes withheld, the same labor standards and benefits as American workers.[193] He says the government should "crack down" on employers and stop "brain draining" Third World countries withH-1B visas.[193] |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Members of the McCain camp have pointed out that George Bush signed a federal directive in 2001 that outlawedracial profiling and ordered the Attorney General to look into the matter.[194] | Obama wants to eliminateracial profiling by federal law enforcement agencies.[195] As state senator in Illinois, Obama helped bring about passage of the state's first racial-profiling law.[196] In October 2007, he asked Attorney General-Designate, Judge Michael Mukasey, to end the practice.[197] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| McKinney supports comprehensive federal investment in low-come families and communities, with an emphasis on people of color, to eliminate racial and other disparities in education, healthcare, imprisonment, family income, wealth, home ownership. She supports a moratorium on foreclosures, and end to the privatization of prisons. Hurricanes Katrina and Rita survivors should be recognized as Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs); she supports protecting their right of return, including their right to vote in their home states, and reparations for the losses they incurred due to government abandonment and negligence. She calls for an end to the "war on drugs", which justifies foreign military intervention and assaults civil liberties; mandatory minimum drug sentences should be ended, and the budget should focus on treatment and prevention.[25] | |||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain is a member of TheRepublican Main Street Partnership and supportsembryonic stem cell research despite his earlier opposition.[198] He states that he believes that stem cell research, and indeed embryonic stem cell research, will continue whether or not the U.S. sanctions it, and so it would be the wisest course of action to support it to the extent that the United States will be able to regulate and monitor the use.[citation needed] | Obama supports federal funding forembryonic stem cell research and was a co-sponsor[199] of the 2005Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act which was passed by both houses of Congress but vetoed by President George W. Bush.[citation needed] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Nader supportsstem cell research. Through hisConsumer Project on Technology, he seeks to ensure that research conducted with public money is freely available to the public, and not held back by corporate and university patents.[86] | |||
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain supports the use ofschool vouchers.[200] In 2006 he said, "Shouldintelligent design be taught as a science class? Probably not."[201] On July 29, 2007, McCain voted against increasing federal student loans and Pell grants and expanding eligibility for financial aid.[202][203] | During an October 2004 debate, Obama stated that he opposededucation vouchers for use at private schools because he believes they would undermine public schools.[204][205] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| Baldwin would support homeschoolers and disband theDepartment of Education.[31] | Would abolish theDepartment of Education and eliminate federal grants and regulation; also opposesNo Child Left Behind. Believes that education should return to the local level. Supports state-level tax credits to parents who use private education or homeschool. "Ultimately, education will best serve the children of America if it occurs within a competitive private system rather than a government system."[206] | Has often stated that it is wrongpublic education receives $38 billion annually whilethe Pentagon receives $700 billion annually. She also believes reforms likeNo Child Left Behind hurt the education system, and that free higher education and betterprimary education is what will improve school systems throughout the nation. She also voted yes on a substitute bill to lowerstudent loaninterest rates and increaseblack college and Hispanic college quality and quantity. She voted yes on a bill for state-testing and voted no on bills to allow vouchers in the District of Columbia, allowing vouchers in private schools andparochial schools, and no on a bill that would only give federal aid to schools that allowedschool prayer.[207] | |
| John McCain | Barack Obama | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| McCain voted to extend the wiretap provision in the USA PATRIOT Act. He also voted to reauthorize the USA PATRIOT Act in 2006.[208] | Obama called for the repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act in 2003.[209] He voted for the reauthorization of the USA PATRIOT Act in 2006.[210] He supported recentFISA legislation giving telecommunications corporations immunity for cooperating withwarrantless surveillance programs.[211] | ||
| Chuck Baldwin | Bob Barr | Cynthia McKinney | Ralph Nader |
| During theLibertarian Convention, Barr said of USA PATRIOT Act: "I'd drive a stake through its heart, shoot it, burn it, cut off its head, burn it again, and scatter its ashes to the four corners of the world."[212] | McKinney calls for the repeal of the Patriot Act.[155] | Nader has called for the repeal of the USA PATRIOT Act. He has stated that it has eroded civil liberties and due process of law, particularly for Muslims and Arab Americans.[213] | |
On September 4, a slate of presidential electors was filed at the Louisiana Secretary of State's office, in person. The electors are pledged to Ron Paul for president, and former Congressman Barry Goldwater, Jr., for vice-president. The partisan label for this slate is "Louisiana Taxpayers Party." The filing, and the $500 was accepted
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