Diving equipment may be exposed to contamination in use and when this happens it must bedecontaminated. This is a particular issue forhazmat diving, but incidental contamination can occur in other environments.Personal diving equipment shared by more than one user requiresdisinfection before use. Shared use is common for expensive commercial diving equipment, and for rental recreational equipment, and some items such as demand valves, masks, helmets and snorkels which are worn over the face or held in the mouth are possiblevectors for infection by a variety ofpathogens.Diving suits are also likely to be contaminated, but less likely to transmit infection directly.[1][2]
The maintenance of personal diving equipment includes cleaning and inspection after use, repair or servicing when necessary or scheduled, and appropriate storage. A large part of this is washing off salt water to prevent it from drying on the equipment and leaving corrosive brine or abrasive salt deposits, which can cause accelerated deterioration of some materials and jamming of moving parts. The ultraviolet component of sunlight can also damage non-metallic components and equipment, and ozone produced by electrical equipment is known to adversely affect some materials, such as the latex seals on dry suits. Storage at high temperatures can also reduce the useful life of some materials. Most diving equipment will last better if stored in a cool, dry place out of direct sunlight.
When disinfecting diving equipment it is necessary to consider the effectiveness of the disinfectant on the expected or targeted pathogens, and the possible adverse effects on the equipment. Some highly effective methods for disinfection can damage the equipment, or cause accelerated degradation of components due to incompatibility with materials. Ultraviolet light - including sunshine, ozone and high temperatures are among these. Chlorinated water in swimming pools will also degrade some materials, but rinsing in fresh water after use will minimise the effect.[1]
Effective cleaning and sanitisation procedures are expected of service providers renting diving equipment to the public, and by commercial diving contractors in terms of occupational health and safety legislation, and codes of practice.[3][4]
Diving equipment may be contaminated by several types of materials from several classes of source.
Types of contamination include:
Routes of contamination include:
Pathogens which are known to contaminate bodies of water include:[5]: Ch2
Pathogens which may be transmitted between sequential users of diving equipment:
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Cleaning to remove salt water, sand, mud, and other relatively harmless environmental contaminants is intended to reduce degradation of the equipment and improve comfort during the next use. In most cases soaking or rinsing in fresh water is sufficient, but detergents and occasionally scrubbing before rinsing can speed up the process. This basic cleaning may remove some pathogens and chemical contaminants, but it is not reliable for this purpose. This level of cleaning has traditionally been considered sufficient for equipment only used by one person in environments considered to be free of chemical and microbial health hazards.
Cleaning after use is generally intended to remove contaminants which may degrade the equipment, and which may be harmful to persons coming into normal handling contact with the equipment. It may be combined with disinfection suitable to prepare the equipment for use by another person, but the two aspects are not necessarily managed identically or together.[5]
Disinfection of equipment before use, or between users, is intended to remove biological contamination that would affect the next diver to use it. This is generally an issue when the equipment is not contaminated by substances or microorganisms which are harmful to the equipment, but could infect and cause illness in the next user, or in the special case of potable water diving, could contaminate the drinking water supply. If there is not sufficient time and facilities to adequately disinfect between users, equipment which could infect the user should not be shared.[5]
During periods of increased risk relating to a specific pathogen during an epidemic, or after diving in an area known as a high risk for a specific pathogen, disinfection procedures will target that pathogen.
During an epidemic, the first line of defence is for symptomatic people and people who have tested positive for the infection to refrain from diving, however in the early stages of some diseases it will not be apparent that the person is infectious, so it is prudent to take reasonably practicable preventative measures when the risk is assessed as significant.
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2022) |
Thesevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes theCOVID-19 disease is considered easier to kill than the closely related SARS-CoV-1, so in the absence of specific test results for SARS-CoV-2, methods for disinfection of SARS-CoV-1 are assumed to be effective.[6]
According to the World Health Organization, SARS-CoV-1 loses infectivity after 15 minutes at 56 °C (133 °F), Another study showed that SARS-CoV-1 remains stable between 4 °C (39 °F) and 37 °C (99 °F), and loses infectivity after 30 minutes at 56 °C (133 °F). (Duan et al 2003 in DANSA 2020)[7]
Divers Alert Network has estimated that abreathing air compressor in a 27 °C (81 °F) environment, would have an inter-stage temperature inside the cylinder of about 107 °C (225 °F). The calculation does not account for anything outside of nominal conditions, but it indicates the instantaneous temperature at the moment of peak pressure. In reality the compressed air is cooled between stages, and the compressor itself is fairly hot, so direct measurement would be relatively simple, but this does not take into account time of exposure to temperature.[7]
The actual gas temperature at the outlet from each stage was reported to be around 66 °C (151 °F) This is considered to be hot enough to kill SARS-CoV-2, so it is considered unlikely that the virus would survive passing through a compressor. Infected droplets exhaled by a person can be as small as 0.5 micron, so the compressor particle filter systems would not reliably remove them.[7]
There are many disinfectants that are assumed to be effective on SARS-CoV-2 based on their effectiveness on similar viruses which are considered more resistant to deactivation.[6] TheUnited States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) publish a list of disinfectant products which meet the EPA's criteria for use against SARS-CoV-2 in "List N: Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2" in the absence of specific testing on SARS-CoV-2.[8]
Divers Alert Network have recommended followingCenters for Disease Control (CDC) advice on using a solution ofhousehold bleach diluted 4:100 in water with a contact time of 1 minute followed by a thorough rinse in water to remove residual disinfectant.[1] As of April 24 2020,Steramine, aquaternary ammonium compound popular for disinfecting diving equipment, did not appear on the EPA's "List N" and is therefore not endorsed for disinfecting SARS-CoV-2. However, many other products using quaternary ammonium compounds are on List N.[8] Quaternary ammonium-containing products are harmful to the environment and suitable precautions should be applied to their use and disposal.[7]
Sodium hypochlorite bleach is a strongoxidant which has been tested in different concentrations, and is proven to be effective against viruses by damaging the viral genome. TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) recommend a 1:100 dilution of 5% sodium hypochlorite bleach solution for general disinfection, which yields 0.05% or 50 ppm of the active ingredient which requires a soaking time of 30 minutes or at least 10 minutes wet time if sprayed onto a nonporous surface. Specific studies on SARS-CoV-2 found that a sodium hypochlorite bleach concentration of 0.1% (1,000 ppm) was necessary to adequately reduce infectivity when sprayed onto a non-porous surface, and that it would inactivate the virus within 1 minute. A study on SARS-CoV-1 showed that a 1:100 dilution (0.05%) inactivated the virus after an immersion of 5 minutes.[7] Bleach-based disinfectants may cause accelerated degradation of some materials used in breathing apparatus components.[9]
Commercial diving operations are often required for maintenance and repair work in water known to have high counts ofE. coli and other pathogens. Diving equipment used in these environments should preferably isolate the diver completely from the environment, and the diver and equipment should be decontaminated by competent persons after leaving the water and before removing the encapsulating equipment from the diver.[5]
Caves are isolated ecosystems known contain unique, protected, orendangered species and are susceptible to cross-contamination from foreign species of plants, animals, and micro-organisms from other bodies of water. For example, the National Park Service requires certification of heat and chemical disinfection followed by a prolonged 30-day drying before enteringDevils Hole.[10]
Apeks, a manufacturer of scuba regulators and other diving equipment, specifically warn against the use of bleach based disinfectants or disinfectants known to be corrosive, on scuba regulators, as they can cause accelerated degradation of the equipment. They recommend different procedures based on risk.[9]
| This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(October 2021) |
