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Christmas ornaments,baubles,globes, "Christmas bulbs", or "Christmas bubbles" aredecoration items, usually to decorateChristmas trees. These decorations may bewoven,blown (glass orplastic),molded (ceramic ormetal),carved fromwood or expandedpolystyrene, or made by other techniques.
Ornaments are available in a variety of geometric shapes and image depictions. Ornaments are almost always reused year after year rather than purchased annually, and family collections often contain a combination of commercially produced ornaments and decorations created by family members. Such collections are often passed on and augmented from generation to generation. Festive figures and images are commonly preferred.
Lucretia P. Hale's story "The Peterkins' Christmas-Tree"[1] offers a short catalog of the sorts of ornaments used in the 1870s:
There was every kind of gilt hanging-thing, from gilt pea-pods to butterflies on springs. There were shining flags and lanterns, and bird-cages, and nests with birds sitting on them, baskets of fruit, gilt apples, and bunches of grapes.
The modern-day mold-blown colored glass Christmas ornament was invented in the smallGerman town ofLauscha in the mid-16th century.[2]
The first decorated trees were adorned with apples,[4] whitecandy canes, andpastries in the shapes of stars, hearts and flowers.Glass baubles were first made inLauscha,Germany, by Hans Greiner, who produced garlands of glass beads andtin figures that could be hung on trees. The popularity of these decorations grew into the production of glass figures made by highly skilledartisans withclay molds.
The artisans heated a glass tube over a flame, then inserted the tube into a clay mold, blowing the heated glass to expand into the shape of the mold. The original ornaments were only in the shape of fruits and nuts.
After the glass cooled, asilver nitrate solution was swirled into it, a silvering technique developed in the 1850s byJustus von Liebig. After the nitrate solution dried, the ornament was hand-painted and topped with a cap and hook.[5]
Other glassblowers in Lauscha recognised the growing popularity of Christmas baubles and began producing them in various designs. Soon, the whole of Germany started to buy Christmas glassware from Lauscha. On Christmas Eve 1832, a youngVictoria wrote about her delight at having a tree, hung withlights, ornaments, andpresents placed round it.[6] In the 1840s, after a picture of Victoria's Christmas tree was shown in a London newspaper decorated with glass ornaments and baubles from her husbandPrince Albert's native Germany, Lauscha began exporting its products throughout Europe.
In the 1880s, AmericanF. W. Woolworth discovered Lauscha's baubles during a visit to Germany. He made a fortune by importing the German glass ornaments to the United States.
William DeMuth created the first American-made glass ornaments in New York in 1870. In 1880,Woolworth's began selling Lauscha glass ornaments. Other stores began selling Christmas ornaments by the late 19th century and by 1910, Woolworth's had gone national with over 1000 stores bringing Christmas ornaments across America. New suppliers popped up everywhere includingDresden die-cut fiberboard ornaments which were popular among families with small children.
By the 20th century, Woolworth's had imported 200,000 ornaments and topped $25 million in sales from Christmas decorations alone. As of 2009, the Christmas decoration industry ranks second to gifts in seasonal sales.[5]
Many silver companies, such asGorham, Wallace,Towle,Lunt andReed & Barton, began manufacturing silver Christmas ornaments in 1970 and 1971.[7]
In 1973,Hallmark Cards started manufacturing Christmas ornaments. The first collection included 18 ornaments, including six glass ball ornaments.[8] The Hallmark Keepsake Ornament collection is dated and available for just one year. By 1998, 11 million American households collected Hallmark ornaments, and 250,000 people were member of the Keepsake Ornament Collector's Club.[9] There were as many as 400 local Keepsake Ornament Collector's Club chapters in the US.[10] One noted Christmas ornament authority isClara Johnson Scroggins who has written extensively on the topic and has one of the largest private collections of Christmas ornaments.[11]
In 1996, the ornament industry generated $2.4 billion in total annual sales, an increase of 25% over the previous year. Industry experts estimated more than 22 million US households collected Christmas ornaments, and that 75% of those households collected Hallmark Keepsake Ornaments.[12]
After World War II, theEast German government turned most of Lauscha's glassworks intostate-owned entities, and production of baubles in Lauscha ceased. After theBerlin Wall came down, most of the firms were reestablished as private companies. As of 2009, there are still about 20 small glass-blowing firms active in Lauscha that produce baubles. One of the producers is Krebs Glas Lauscha, part of the Krebs family, which is now one of the largest producers of glass ornaments worldwide.
Although glass baubles are still produced, as expensive good-quality ornaments often found at markets, baubles are now frequently made from plastic and available worldwide in a massive variety of shapes, colours and designs. Since the 19th century, there are a large number of manufacturers producing sophisticated Christmas glass ornaments in Poland, which produce "bombka" or the plural form "bombki"; Poland is the largest producer of glass bombe (bauble) ornaments that are exported to many countries all over the world, mainly to the United States, Japan, Australia, Sweden, Norway, France, the UK, and millions of glass-blown Christmas ornaments are made year-round inTlalpujahua, Michoacan, Mexico, and exported to Spain, New Zealand and France. They are also made in Chignahuapan, Puebla, Mexico.[13]
Handcrafted Christmas ornaments have become a staple of craft fairs, and many smaller online businesses owe much of their success to both the internet and the growth of craft stores.Sugar cookies, popcorn balls,gingerbread and many types ofcookies can be used as ornaments.[14]
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En la actualidad hay cerca de 200 talleres que elaboran al año más de 100 millones de piezas.
Media related toChristmas tree ornaments at Wikimedia Commons
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