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Chinatown (Chinese:唐人街) is a common term used to describe anethnic enclave ofChinese people located outside ofMainland China,Hong Kong,Macau, andTaiwan, typically situated in an urban area. Chinatowns can be found around the world, including inEurope,Asia,Africa,Oceania, and theAmericas. The history of Chinatowns date back to theTang dynasty in the 10th century, arising from the nation's important role in global trade.[4]
Binondo inManila, established in 1594, is recognized as the world's oldest standing Chinatown. Notable early examples outside Asia includeSan Francisco's Chinatown in the United States andMelbourne's Chinatown in Australia, which were founded in the early 1850s during theCalifornia andVictoria gold rushes, respectively. A more modern example, inMontville, Connecticut, was caused by the displacement of Chinese workers inNew York's Manhattan Chinatown following theSeptember 11th attacks in 2001.[5][6]
Oxford Dictionaries defines "Chinatown" as "... a district of any non-Asian town, especially a city orseaport, in which the population is predominantly of Chinese origin".[7] However, some Chinatowns may have little to do with China.[8] Some "Vietnamese" enclaves are in fact a city's "second Chinatown", and some Chinatowns are in factpan-Asian, meaning they could also be counted as aKoreatown orLittle India.[9] One example includesAsiatown inCleveland,Ohio. It was initially referred to as aChinatown but was subsequently renamed due to the influx of non-ChineseAsian Americans who opened businesses there. Today the district acts as a unifying factor for the Chinese, Taiwanese, Korean, Japanese, Filipino, Indian, Vietnamese, Cambodian, Laotian, Nepalese and Thai communities of Cleveland.[10]
Further ambiguities with the term can include Chineseethnoburbs which by definition are "... suburban ethnic clusters of residential areas and business districts in large metropolitan areas[11][12] An article inThe New York Times blurs the line further by categorizing very different Chinatowns such asChinatown, Manhattan, which exists in an urban setting as "traditional";Monterey Park's Chinatown, which exists in a "suburban" setting (and labeled as such); and Austin, Texas's Chinatown, which is in essence a "fabricated" Chinese-themed mall. This contrasts with narrower definitions, where the term only described Chinatown in a city setting.[13]
Trading centers populated predominantly by Chinese men and their native spouses have long existed throughoutSoutheast Asia.Emigration to other parts of the world from China accelerated in the 1860s with the signing of theTreaty of Peking (1860), which opened China's borders to free movement. Early emigrants came primarily from the coastalprovinces ofGuangdong (Canton, Kwangtung) andFujian (Fukien, Hokkien) insoutheastern China – where the people generally speakToishanese,Cantonese,Hakka,Teochew (Chiuchow), andHokkien. In the late 19th century and early 20th century, a significant amount ofChinese emigration to North America originated from four counties calledSze Yup, located west of thePearl River Delta inGuangdong province, making Toishanese a dominantvariety of theChinese language spoken inChinatowns in Canada and the United States.
As conditions in China have improved in recent decades, many Chinatowns have lost their initial mission, which was to provide a transitional place into a new culture. As net migration has slowed in them, the smaller Chinatowns have slowly decayed, often to the point of becoming purely historical and no longer serving asethnic enclaves.[14]
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In theSpanish Philippines, where the oldest surviving Chinatowns are located, the district where Chinese migrants (sangleyes) were required to live is called aparián, which were originally a marketplace for trade goods. Most of them were established in the late 16th century and became settlements of Chinese migrants due to the early Spanish colonial policy of ethnic segregation. There were numerous pariáns throughout the Philippines in various locations, the names of which still survive into modern district names. This include theParián de Arroceros ofIntramuros,Manila (which was eventually moved several times, ending up inBinondo). The term was also carried intoLatin America by Filipino migrants.[17][18][19] The central market place ofMexico City (now part ofZócalo) selling imported goods from theManila galleons in the 18th and early 19th centuries was called "Parián de Manila" (or just "Parián").[20]
Along the coastal areas ofSoutheast Asia, several Chinese settlements existed as early as the 16th century according toZheng He andTomé Pires' travel accounts. Melaka during the Portuguese colonial period, for instance, had a large Chinese population in Campo China. They settled down at port towns under the authority's approval for trading. After the European colonial powers seized and ruled the port towns in the 16th century, Chinese supported European traders and colonists, and created autonomous settlements.[21]
Several Asian Chinatowns, although not yet called by that name, have a long history. Those inNagasaki,Kobe,Kuwana, andYokohama, Japan,[22]Binondo in Manila,Hoi An and Bao Vinh in central Vietnam[23] all existed in 1600.Glodok, the Chinese quarter ofJakarta, Indonesia, dates to 1740.[24]
Chinese presence in India dates back to the 5th century CE, with the first recorded Chinese settler inCalcutta named Young Atchew around 1780.[25] Chinatowns first appeared in the Indian cities ofKolkata,Mumbai, andChennai.
TheChinatown centered onYaowarat Road inBangkok,Thailand, was founded at the same time as the city itself, in 1782.[26]
Many Chinese immigrants arrived in Liverpool in the late 1850s in the employ of theBlue Funnel Shipping Line, acargo transport company established byAlfred Holt. Thecommercialshipping line created strongtrade links between the cities ofShanghai,Hong Kong, and Liverpool, mainly in the importation of silk, cotton, andtea.[31] They settled near the docks in south Liverpool, this area was heavily bombed during World War II, causing the Chinese community moving to the current locationLiverpool Chinatown on Nelson Street.
TheChinatown in San Francisco is one of the largest in North America and the oldest north of Mexico. It served as a port of entry for early Chinese immigrants from the 1850s to the 1900s.[32] The area was the one geographical region deeded by the city government and private property owners which allowed Chinese persons to inherit and inhabit dwellings within the city. Many Chinese found jobs working for large companies seeking a source of labor, most famously as part of theCentral Pacific[33] on theTranscontinental Railroad. Since it started inOmaha, that city had a notable Chinatown for almost a century.[34] Other cities in North America where Chinatowns were founded in the mid-nineteenth century include almost every major settlement along the West Coast fromSan Diego toVictoria. Other early immigrants worked as mine workers or independent prospectors hoping to strike it rich during the 1849Gold Rush.
Economic opportunity drove the building of further Chinatowns in the United States. The initial Chinatowns were built in theWestern United States in states such asCalifornia,Oregon,Washington,Idaho,Utah,Colorado andArizona. As thetranscontinental railroad was built, more Chinatowns started to appear in railroad towns such asSt. Louis,Chicago,Cincinnati,Pittsburgh andButte, Montana. Chinatowns then subsequently emerged in manyEast Coast cities, includingNew York City,Boston,Philadelphia,Providence andBaltimore. With the passage of theEmancipation Proclamation, manysouthern states such asArkansas,Louisiana andGeorgia began to hire Chinese for work in place of slave labor.[35]
The history of Chinatowns was not always peaceful, especially whenlabor disputes arose. Racial tensions flared when lower-paid Chinese workers replaced white miners in many mountain-area Chinatowns, such as in Wyoming with theRock Springs Massacre. Many of these frontier Chinatowns became extinct as American racism surged and theChinese Exclusion Act was passed.
In Australia, theVictorian gold rush, which began in 1851, attracted Chinese prospectors from theGuangdong area. A community began to form in the eastern end ofLittle Bourke Street,Melbourne by the mid-1850s; the area is still the center of theMelbourne Chinatown, making it the oldest continuously occupied Chinatown in a western city (since the San Francisco one was destroyed and rebuilt). Gradually expanding, it reached a peak in the early 20th century, with Chinese business, mainly furniture workshops, occupying a block wide swath of the city, overlapping into the adjacent'Little Lon' red light district. With restricted immigration it shrunk again, becoming a strip of Chinese restaurants by the late 1970s, when it was celebrated with decorative arches. However, with a recent huge influx of students from mainland China, it is now the center of a much larger area of noodle shops, travel agents, restaurants, and groceries. TheAustralian gold rushes also saw the development of a Chinatown inSydney, at first aroundThe Rocks, near the docks, but it has moved twice, first in the 1890s to the east side of the Haymarket area, near the new markets, then in the 1920s concentrating on the west side.[36] Nowadays,Sydney's Chinatown is centered on Dixon Street.
Other Chinatowns in European capitals, includingParis andLondon, were established at the turn of the 20th century. The first Chinatown in London was located in theLimehouse area of theEast End of London[37] at the start of the 20th century. The Chinese population engaged in business which catered to the Chinese sailors who frequented theDocklands. The area acquired a bad reputation from exaggerated reports ofopium dens andslum housing.
France received a large settlement of Chinese immigrant laborers, mostly from the city ofWenzhou in theZhejiang province of China, as well as an influx of ethnic Chinese refugees from its formerIndochina colony after the end of theVietnam War. Significant Chinatowns sprung up inBelleville and the13th arrondissement of Paris.
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By the late 1970s, refugees and exiles from theVietnam War played a significant part in the redevelopment of Chinatowns in developed Western countries. As a result, many existing Chinatowns have become pan-Asian business districts and residential neighborhoods. By contrast, most Chinatowns in the past had been largely inhabited by Chinese from southeastern China.
In 2001, the events ofSeptember 11 resulted in a mass migration of about 14,000 Chinese workers fromManhattan's Chinatown toMontville, Connecticut, due to the fall of the garment industry. Chinese workers transitioned tocasino jobs fueled by the development of theMohegan Sun casino.
In 2012,Tijuana's Chinatown formed as a result of availability of direct flights to China. TheLa Mesa District of Tijuana was formerly a small enclave, but has tripled in size as a result of direct flights toShanghai. It has an ethnic Chinese population rise from 5,000 in 2009 to roughly 15,000 in 2012, overtakingMexicali's Chinatown as the largest Chinese enclave in Mexico.
TheNew York metropolitan area, consisting ofNew York City,Long Island, and nearby areas within the states ofNew York,New Jersey,Connecticut, andPennsylvania, is home to the largest Chinese-American population of anymetropolitan area within the United States and the largest Chinese population outside of China, enumerating an estimated 893,697 in 2017,[44] and including at least 12 Chinatowns, including nine in New York City proper alone.[3] Steadyimmigration from mainland China, both legal[45][46] and illegal,[47] has fueled Chinese-American population growth in the New York metropolitan area. New York's status as an alpha global city, its extensive mass transit system, and the New York metropolitan area's enormous economic marketplace are among the many reasons it remains a major international immigration hub. TheManhattan Chinatown contains the largest concentration of ethnic Chinese in theWestern Hemisphere,[2] and theFlushing Chinatown inQueens has become one of the world's largest Chinatowns.[48]
TheCOVID-19 pandemic has adversely affected tourism and business in Chinatown, San Francisco[49] andChinatown, Chicago, Illinois[50] as well as others worldwide.
The features described below are characteristic of many modern Chinatowns.
The early Chinatowns such as those inSan Francisco andLos Angeles in the United States were naturally destinations for people of Chinese descent asmigration were the result of opportunities such as the California Gold Rush and the Transcontinental Railroad drawing the population in, creating natural Chinese enclaves that were almost always 100% exclusively Han Chinese, which included both people born in China and in the enclave, in this caseAmerican-born Chinese.[54] In some free countries such as the United States and Canada, housing laws that preventdiscrimination also allows neighborhoods that may have been characterized as "All Chinese" to also allow non-Chinese to reside in these communities. For example, the Chinatown inPhiladelphia has a sizeable non-Chinese population residing within the community.[55]
A recent study also suggests that the demographic change is also driven bygentrification of what were previously Chinatown neighborhoods. The influx ofluxury housing is speeding up the gentrification of such neighborhoods. The trend for emergence of these types of natural enclaves is on the decline (with the exceptions being the continued growth and emergence of newer Chinatowns inQueens andBrooklyn in New York City), only to be replaced by newer "Disneyland-like" attractions, such as a new Chinatown that will be built in theCatskills region ofNew York.[56] This includes the endangerment of existing historical Chinatowns that will eventually stop serving the needs of Chinese immigrants.
Newer developments like those inNorwich, Connecticut, and theSan Gabriel Valley, which are not necessarily considered "Chinatowns" in the sense that they do not necessarily contain the Chinese architectures or Chinese language signs as signatures of an officially sanctioned area that was designated either in law or signage stating so, differentiate areas that are called "Chinatowns" versus locations that have "significant" populations of people of Chinese descent. For example,San Jose, California in the United States has 63,434 people (2010 U.S. Census) of Chinese descent, and yet "does not have aChinatown". Some "official" Chinatowns have Chinese populations much lower than that.[57]
Many tourist-destination metropolitan Chinatowns can be distinguished by large red arch entrance structures known in Mandarin Chinese asPaifang (sometimes accompanied byimperial guardian lion statues on either side of the structure, to greet visitors). Other Chinese architectural styles such as the Chinese Garden of Friendship inSydney Chinatown and theChinese stone lions at the gate to theVictoria, British Columbia Chinatown are present in some Chinatowns.Mahale Chiniha, the Chinatown inIran, contains many buildings that were constructed in the Chinese architectural style.
Paifangs usually have special inscriptions in Chinese. Historically, these gateways were donated to a particular city as a gift from theRepublic of China andPeople's Republic of China, or local governments (such as Chinatown, San Francisco) and business organizations. The long-neglected Chinatown inHavana,Cuba, received materials for its paifang from the People's Republic of China as part of the Chinatown's gradual renaissance. Construction of these red arches is often financed by local financial contributions from the Chinatown community. Some of these structures span an entire intersection, and some are smaller in height and width. Some paifang can be made ofwood,masonry orsteel and may incorporate an elaborate or simple design.
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A major component of many Chinatowns is the family benevolent association, which provides some degree of aid to immigrants. These associations generally provide social support, religious services, death benefits (members' names in Chinese are generally enshrined on tablets and posted on walls), meals, and recreational activities for ethnic Chinese, especially for older Chinese migrants. Membership in these associations can be based on members sharing a commonChinese surname or belonging to a common clan, spokenChinese dialect, specific village, region or country of origin, and so on. Many have their own facilities.
Some examples include San Francisco's prominentChinese Consolidated Benevolent Association (中華總會館Zhōnghuá Zǒng Huìguǎn), akaChinese Six Companies and Los Angeles' Southern California Teochew Association. The Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association is among the largest umbrella groups of benevolent associations in the North America, which branches in several Chinatowns. Politically, the CCBA has traditionally been aligned with theKuomintang and theRepublic of China.
The London Chinatown Chinese Association is active inChinatown, London.Chinatown, Paris has an institution in theAssociation des Résidents en France d'origine indochinoise and it servicing overseas Chinese immigrants in Paris who were born in the formerFrench Indochina.
Traditionally, Chinatown-based associations have also been aligned with ethnic Chinese business interests, such as restaurant, grocery, and laundry (antiquated) associations in Chinatowns in North America. In Chicago's Chinatown, the On Leong Merchants Association was active.
"Chinatown" is the most common name in the English language today, but several alternate English names for Chinatown includeChina Town (generally used inBritish andAustralian English),The Chinese District,Chinese Quarter,Little Canton,Little China, andChina Alley (an antiquated term used primarily in severalrural towns in thewestern United States for a Chinese community; some of these are now historical sites). In the case of Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, China Alley was a parallel commercial street adjacent to the town's Main Street, enjoying a view over the river valley adjacent and also over the main residential part of Chinatown, which was largely ofadobe construction. All traces of Chinatown and China Alley there have disappeared, despite a once large and prosperous community.
The earliest known use of the term "Chinatown" dates back to 1606, though it would not become widely used until centuries later.[58][59] Its modern usage appears to have emerged in connection with theChinese quarter ofSingapore, which by 1844 was being called "China Town" or "Chinatown" by the British colonial government.[60][61] This may have been a word-for-word translation into English of the Malay name for that quarter, which in those days was probably "Kampong China" or possibly "Kota China" or "Kampong Tionghua/Chunghwa/Zhonghua".
The first modern appearance of the term "Chinatown" outside Singapore may have been in 1852, in a book by the Rev. Hatfield, who applied the term to the Chinese part of the main settlement on the remote South Atlantic island ofSt. Helena.[62] The island was a regular way-station on the voyage to Europe and North America from Indian Ocean ports, including Singapore. Chinatowns in theUnited States were initially called "China Quarter",[63] or "Little Canton" because most Chinese immigrants wereTaishanese people fromGuangdong province. "Little Canton" was also used inAustralia andMexico.[64][65]
Inspired by its use in St. Helena,[66] the term "Chinatown" was popularized in the United States by theSan Francisco press beginning in 1853.[67] One of the earliest American usages dates to 1855, when San Francisco newspaperThe Daily Alta California described a "pitched battle on the streets of [SF's] Chinatown".[68] OtherAlta articles from the late 1850s make it clear that areas called "Chinatown" existed at that time in several other California cities, including Oroville and San Andres.[69][70] By 1869, "Chinatown had acquired its full modern meaning all over the U.S. and Canada. For instance, an Ohio newspaper wrote: "From San Diego to Sitka..., every town and hamlet has its 'Chinatown'."[71]
In British publications before the 1890s, "Chinatown" appeared mainly in connection with California. At first, Australian and New Zealand journalists also regarded Chinatowns as Californian phenomena. However, they began using the term to denote local Chinese communities as early as 1861 in Australia[72] and 1873 in New Zealand.[73] In most other countries, the custom of calling local Chinese communities "Chinatowns" is not older than the twentieth century.
InChinese, Chinatown is usually called唐人街, inCantoneseTong jan gai, inMandarinTángrénjiē, inHakkaTong ngin gai, and inTaishaneseHong ngin gai, literally meaning "Tang people's street(s)". TheTang dynasty was a zenith of the Chinese civilization, after which some Chinese call themselves. Some Chinatowns are indeed just one single street, such as the relatively shortFisgard Street inVictoria,British Columbia, Canada.
A more modern Chinese name is華埠 (Cantonese: Waa Fau, Mandarin: Huábù) meaning "Chinese City", used in the semi-official Chinese translations of some cities' documents and signs.Bù, pronounced sometimes in Mandarin asfù, usually meansseaport; but in this sense, it meanscity ortown.Tong jan fau (唐人埠 "Tang people's town") is also used in Cantonese nowadays. The literal word-for-word translation ofChinatown—Zhōngguó Chéng (中國城) is also used, but more frequently by visiting Chinese nationals rather than immigrants of Chinese descent who live in various Chinatowns.
Chinatowns in Southeast Asia have unique Chinese names used by the local Chinese, as there are large populations of people who areOverseas Chinese, living within the various major cities of Southeast Asia. As the population of Overseas Chinese, is widely dispersed in various enclaves, across each major Southeast Asian city, specific Chinese names are used instead.
For example, inSingapore, where 2.8 million ethnic Chinese constitute a majority 74% of the resident population,[74] the Chinese name forChinatown isNiúchēshǔi (牛車水,HokkienPOJ:Gû-chia-chúi), which literally means "ox-cart water" from the Malay 'Kreta Ayer' in reference to the water carts that used to ply the area. The Chinatown inKuala Lumpur,Malaysia, (where 2 million ethnic Chinese comprise 30% of the population ofGreater Kuala Lumpur[75]) while officially known asPetaling Street (Malay:Jalan Petaling), is referred to by Malaysian Chinese by its Cantonese nameci4 cong2 gaai1 (茨廠街, pinyin:Cíchǎng Jiē), literally "tapioca factory street", after atapioca starch factory that once stood in the area. InManila,Philippines, the area is called Mínlúnluò Qū岷倫洛區, literally meaning the "Mín and Luò Rivers confluence district" but is actually atransliteration of the local termBinondo and an allusion to its proximity to thePasig River.
InPhilippine Spanish, the term used for Chinatown districts isparián, a Spanish term derived fromCebuanoparian ("market", "bazaar", or "trading place").[76][19] In the rest of theSpanish Empire, the Spanish-language term is usuallybarrio chino (Chinese neighborhood; plural:barrios chinos), used in Spain andLatin America. (However,barrio chino or itsCatalan cognatebarri xinès do not always refer to a Chinese neighborhood: these are also common terms for a disreputable district with drugs and prostitution, and often no connection to the Chinese.).
In Portuguese, Chinatown is often referred to asBairro chinês (the Chinese Neighbourhood; plural:bairros chineses).
InFrancophone regions (such as France andQuebec), Chinatown is often referred to asle quartier chinois (the Chinese Neighbourhood; plural:les quartiers chinois). The most prominent Francophone Chinatowns are located inParis (usually referred to as theQuartier asiatique, literallyAsian Quarter due to its diverse ethnic makeup of ethnic Chinese, Vietnamese, Laotian, and Cambodian populations) andMontreal.
The Vietnamese term for Chinatown isKhu người Hoa (Chinese district) orphố Tàu (Chinese street). Vietnamese language is prevalent in Chinatowns of Paris, Los Angeles, Boston, Philadelphia, Toronto, and Montreal as ethnic Chinese from Vietnam have set up shop in them.
In Japanese, the term "chūkagai" (中華街, literally "Chinese Street") is the translation used forYokohama andNagasaki Chinatown.
InIndonesia, Chinatown is known asPecinan, a shortened term ofpe-cina-an, means everything related to the Chinese people. Most of these pecinans are usually located inJava.[77]
Some languages have adopted the English-language term, such asDutch andGerman.
There are three noteworthy Chinatowns in Africa located in the coastal African nations ofMadagascar,Mauritius andSouth Africa. South Africa has the largest Chinatown and the largest Chinese population of any African country and remains a popular destination for Chinese immigrants coming to Africa. Derrick Avenue inCyrildene,Johannesburg, hosts South Africa's largest Chinatown.
In theAmericas, which includes North America, Central America and South America, Chinatowns have been around since the 1800s. The most prominent ones exist in the United States and Canada inNew York,Boston,San Francisco,Chicago,Toronto andVancouver. TheNew York City metropolitan area is home to the largestethnically Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising an estimated 893,697 uniracial individuals as of 2017,[44] including at least 12 Chinatowns – six[78] (or nine, including the emerging Chinatowns inCorona andWhitestone,Queens,[79] andEast Harlem, Manhattan) inNew York City proper, and one each inNassau County,Long Island;Edison,New Jersey;[79] andParsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey, not to mention fledgling ethnic Chinese enclaves emerging throughout the New York City metropolitan area.San Francisco, a Pacific port city, has the oldest and longest continuous running Chinatown in the Western Hemisphere.[80][81][82] In Canada, TheGreater Toronto and Hamilton Area is home to the 2nd largest ethnically Chinese population outside of Asia, comprising 694,970 individuals as of the 2021 Census.Vancouver's Chinatown is the country's largest.[83]
The oldest Chinatown in the Americas is inMexico City and dates back to at least the early 17th century.[84] Since the 1970s, new arrivals have typically hailed fromHong Kong,Macau, and Taiwan. Latin American Chinatowns may include the descendants of original migrants – often of mixed Chinese andLatin parentage – and more recent immigrants fromEast Asia. MostAsian Latin Americans are ofCantonese andHakka origin. Estimates widely vary on the number of Chinese descendants in Latin America. Another notable Chinatown also exists inLima,Peru.
InBrazil, theLiberdade neighborhood inSão Paulo has, along with a large Japanese community, an important Chinese community.[85] There is a project for a Chinatown in theMercado neighborhood, close to theMunicipal Market and the commercialRua 25 de Março.[86][87][88]
Chinatowns in Asia are widespread with a large concentration ofoverseas Chinese inEast Asia andSoutheast Asia and ethnic Chinese whose ancestors came fromsouthern China – particularly the provinces ofGuangdong,Fujian, andHainan – and settled in countries such asBrunei,Cambodia,Indonesia,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar,Singapore, thePhilippines,Thailand, andVietnam centuries ago—starting as early as theTang dynasty, but mostly notably in the 17th through the 19th centuries (during the reign of theQing dynasty), and well into the 20th century. Today the Chinese diaspora in Asia is largely concentrated in Southeast Asia however the legacy of the once widespread overseas Chinese communities in Asia is evident in the many Chinatowns that are found across East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia.
Vietnam houses the largestChinatown by size in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon).
TheChinatown ofMelbourne lies within theMelbourne central business district and centers on the eastern end ofLittle Bourke Street. It extends between the corners ofSwanston andExhibition Streets. Melbourne's Chinatown originated during theVictorian gold rush in 1851, and is notable as the oldest Chinatown in Australia. It has also been claimed to be the longest continuously running Chinese community outside of Asia, but only because the1906 San Francisco earthquake all but destroyed the Chinatown in San Francisco in California.[80][81][82]
Sydney's main Chinatown centers on Sussex Street in the Sydney downtown. It stretches from Central Station in the east toDarling Harbour in the west, and is Australia's largest Chinatown.
TheChinatown ofAdelaide was originally built in the 1960s and was renovated in the 1980s. It is located near Adelaide Central Market and theAdelaide Central bus station.
Chinatown Gold Coast is a precinct in the Central Business District ofSouthport, Queensland, that runs through Davenport Street and Young Street. The precinct extends between Nerang Street in the north and Garden Street/Scarborough Street east-west. Redevelopment of the precinct was established in 2013 and completed in 2015 in time for Chinese New Year celebrations.
There are additional Chinatowns inBrisbane,Perth, andBroome in Australia.
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Several urban Chinatowns exist in major European capital cities. There isChinatown, London, England as well as major Chinatowns inBirmingham,Liverpool,Newcastle, andManchester.Berlin, Germany has one established Chinatown in the area around Kantstrasse ofCharlottenburg in the West.Antwerp, Belgium has also seen an upstart Chinese community, that has been recognized by the local authorities since 2011.[89] The city council ofCardiff has plans to recognize the Chinese Diaspora in the city.[90]
TheChinatown in Paris, located in the13th arrondissement, is the largest in Europe, where many Vietnamese – specifically ethnic Chinese refugees from Vietnam – have settled and inBelleville in the northeast of Paris as well as inLyon. In Italy, there is a Chinatown inMilan between Via Luigi Canonica andVia Paolo Sarpi and others inRome andPrato. In the Netherlands, Chinatowns exist inAmsterdam,Rotterdam andthe Hague.
In the United Kingdom, several exist in Birmingham, Liverpool, London, Manchester and Newcastle Upon Tyne. TheChinatown in Liverpool is the oldest Chinese community in Europe.[91] TheChinatown in London was established in theLimehouse district in the late 19th century. TheChinatown in Manchester is located in central Manchester.
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Chinatowns have been portrayed in various films includingThe Joy Luck Club,Big Trouble in Little China,Year of the Dragon,Flower Drum Song,The Lady from Shanghai andChinatown. Within the context of the last film "Chinatown" is used primarily as anextended metaphor for any situation in which an outside entity seeks to intervene without having the local knowledge required to understand the consequences of that intervention. The neighborhood or district is often associated with being outside the normalrule of law or isolated from thesocial norms of the larger society.
Chinatowns have also been mentioned in the songs "Queen of Chinatown" byAmanda Lear and "Kung Fu Fighting" byCarl Douglas whose song lyrics says "... There was funky China men from funky Chinatown ..."[92]
Themartial arts actorBruce Lee is well known as a person who was born in theChinatown of San Francisco.[93] Other notableChinese Americans such as politicianGary Locke and NBA playerJeremy Lin grew up in suburbs with lesser connections to traditional Chinatowns. Neighborhood activists and politicians have increased in prominence in some cities, and some are starting to attract support from non-Chinese voters.
As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.
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The three developers have stressed in public hearings that they are not outsiders to Flushing, which is 69% Asian. 'They've been here, they live here, they work here, they've invested here,' said Ross Moskowitz, an attorney for the developers at a different public hearing in February...Tangram Tower, a luxury mixed-use development built by F&T. Last year, prices for two-bedroom apartments started at $1.15m...The influx of transnational capital and rise of luxury developments in Flushing has displaced longtime immigrant residents and small business owners, as well as disrupted its cultural and culinary landscape. These changes follow the familiar script of gentrification, but with a change of actors: it is Chinese-American developers and wealthy Chinese immigrants who are gentrifying this working-class neighborhood, which is majority Chinese.
Most who have come to the United States in the past year were middle-class adults who have headed to New York after being released from custody. New York has been a prime destination for migrants from other nations as well, particularly Venezuelans, who rely on the city's resources, including its shelters. But few of the Chinese migrants are staying in the shelters. Instead, they are going where Chinese citizens have gone for generations: Flushing, Queens. Or to some, the Chinese Manhattan..."New York is a self-sufficient Chinese immigrants community," said the Rev. Mike Chan, the executive director of the Chinese Christian Herald Crusade, a faith-based group in the neighborhood.
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