| Charles River Quinobequin | |
|---|---|
 | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Massachusetts |
| Cities | Hopkinton,Cambridge,Boston |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | Echo Lake |
| • location | Hopkinton,Massachusetts,United States |
| • coordinates | 42°11′34″N71°30′43″W / 42.19278°N 71.51194°W /42.19278; -71.51194 |
| • elevation | 350 ft (110 m) |
| Mouth | Boston Harbor |
• location | Boston, Massachusetts, United States |
• coordinates | 42°22′14″N71°3′13″W / 42.37056°N 71.05361°W /42.37056; -71.05361 |
• elevation | 0 ft (0 m) |
| Length | 80 mi (130 km) |
| Basin size | 308 mi2 (800 km2) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 302 cu ft/s (8.6 m3/s) |
| • minimum | 0.1 cu ft/s (0.0028 m3/s) |
| • maximum | 4,150 cu ft/s (118 m3/s) |
TheCharles River (Massachusett:Quinobequin), sometimes called theRiver Charles or simply theCharles, is an 80-mile-long (129 km) river in easternMassachusetts. It flows northeast fromHopkinton toBoston along a meandering route which doubles back on itself several times and travels through 23 cities and towns before reaching theAtlantic Ocean.[1]
The Charles River is fed by approximately eightystreams and several majoraquifers as it flows 80 miles (129 km),[2] starting at Teresa Road just north[3] ofEcho Lake (42°12′54″N71°30′52″W / 42.215°N 71.514444°W /42.215; -71.514444) in Hopkinton, passing through 23 cities and towns in eastern Massachusetts before emptying intoBoston Harbor.[1] Thirty-three lakes and ponds and 35 municipalities are entirely or partially part of the Charles Riverdrainage basin. Despite the river's length and relatively large drainage area (308 square miles; 798 km2), its source is only 26 miles (42 km) from its mouth, and the river drops only 350 feet (107 m) from source to sea. The Charles River watershed contains more than 8,000 acres (32 km2) of protected wetlands, referred to as Natural Valley Storage. These areas are important in preventing downstream flooding and providing natural habitats to native species.
Brandeis University,Harvard University,Boston University, and theMassachusetts Institute of Technology are located along the Charles River. Near its mouth, it forms the border between downtown Boston andCambridge andCharlestown. The river opens into a broad basin and is lined by the parks of theCharles River Reservation. On theCharles River Esplanade stands theHatch Shell, where concerts are given in summer evenings. The basin is especially known for itsIndependence Day celebration. The middle section of the river between theWatertown Dam andWellesley is partially protected by the properties of theUpper Charles River Reservation and other state parks, including theHemlock Gorge Reservation,Cutler Park, and theElm Bank Reservation.
A detailed depth chart of the lower basin of the Charles River, from near the Watertown Dam to the NewCharles River Dam, has been created by a partnership between the MIT Sea Grant College Program and theCharles River Alliance of Boaters (CRAB).[4] Online and hardcopycharts are available as a public service.
The river is busy, apart from the winter months, withrowing,sculling,canoeing,kayaking,paddleboarding,dragonboating, andsailing, both recreational and competitive. Most of the watercraft activity occurs from theMuseum of Science to the center ofWatertown, above which is a dam.[5] These 17 miles (27 km) see motorboat traffic from two marinas and a boat ramp near Watertown, as well as two marinas downstream and boats entering from Boston Harbor through an old lock next to the Museum of Science.[6] A canoe and kayak ADA-accessible launch atMagazine Beach in Cambridge opened 23 September 2019.[7]
The Charles is renowned as a rowing and sculling locale, with manyboathouses and the three-mileHead of the Charles Regatta, the world's largest long-distance rowing regatta.[8] The major boathouses, starting up stream near Watertown, areCommunity Rowing, Inc., housing competitive, recreational, and learning programs along with the Boston College Crew; Northeastern University's Henderson; Cambridge Boat Club;Newell, home of Harvard Men's Rowing;Weld, home of Harvard Women's Rowing; Riverside Boat Club; Boston University's DeWolfe; Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Pierce; and, in the Lower Basin, Union Boat Club.[9]
The Lower Basin between theLongfellow andHarvard (Massachusetts Avenue) bridges has the sailing docks ofCommunity Boating, the Harvard University Sailing Center, and the MIT Sailing Pavilion. Sailboat, kayak, and paddleboard rentals are available at the Boston University Sailing Pavilion.[10] Charles River Canoe and Kayak has four locations along the Charles, renting kayaks, canoes, and paddleboards.[11]
Duck Boats regularly enter the Charles near theMuseum of Science and river tour boat excursions depart from a lagoon near the museum.[12] In early June, the Hong Kong Boston Dragon Boat Festival is held inCambridge, near theWeeks Footbridge.[13]
TheCharles River Bike Path runs 23 miles (37 km) along the banks of the Charles, starting at the Museum of Science and passing the campuses of MIT, Harvard and Boston University. The path is popular with runners and bikers. Many runners gauge their distance and speed by keeping track of the mileage between the bridges along the route.[14]
After two decades of water quality improvement efforts spearheaded by the Environmental Protection Agency,[15] on July 13, 2013,swimming for the general public was officially permitted for the first time in more than 50 years.[16]
Fishing from the banks or small craft is common along the Charles. With catches from the Charles fromNatick to Boston the public is advised not to eatcarp, and for non-pregnant, non-nursing adults, to limitlarge mouth bass consumption to no more than twice a month. Children and pregnant or nursing women should eat nothing from the Charles River. Both cautions are due toPCB and pesticide contamination. Up river from Natick, similar advisories are in effect for all fish on account ofmercury,chlordane, andDDT in the fish.[17]
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Long before European settlers named and shaped the Charles, Native Americans living in New England made the river a central part of their lives. At the time of European colonization in the early 1600s, settlements ofMassachusett people were present along the river atNonantum in current-dayNewton andPigsgusset in current-dayWatertown.
Prior to the arrival ofPuritan colonists in the 1620s,Captain John Smith ofJamestown explored and mapped the coast of New England, originally naming the Charles River the Massachusetts River, which he derived from theMassachusett people living in the region, not from their actual name for the river,Quinobequin. When Smith presented his map to Prince Charles, futureKing Charles I, he suggested that the Prince should feel free to change any of the "barbarous names" for "English" ones. The Prince made many such changes, but only four survive today, one of which is the Charles River which Charles named for himself.[18]
The native name for the Charles River wasQuinobequin, possibly meaning "meandering" inMassachusett fromquinnuppe or "it turns."[19] Other sources state this name was transferred from the Kennebec River in Maine to Cambridge by Prince Charles at the time he renamed this river in his name.[20] Still another explanation is thatQuinobequin was a descriptive term for any long body of water for Eastern Algonquin peoples, which European explorers and settlers interpreted as a local proper name. Examples include theKennebec River ("long water place") andKennebunk inMaine, theQuinebaug River ("long pond"),Quinapoxet River ("at the little long pond"), andQuinnipiac River ("long pond") in present-dayMassachusetts,Connecticut, andNew Hampshire.[20]
As native populations were driven out by European settlers, the Charles River became an early center for hydropower and manufacturing in North America. Although in portions of its length, the Charles drops slowly in elevation and has relatively little current, early settlers inDedham, Massachusetts, found a way to use the Charles to power mills. In 1639, the town dug a canal from the Charles to a nearby brook that drained to theNeponset River. By this action, a portion of the Charles's flow was diverted, providing enough current for several mills. The new canal and the brook together are now calledMother Brook. The canal is regarded as the first industrial canal in North America. It remains in use forflood control.
Waltham was the site of the first fully integrated textile factory in America, built byFrancis Cabot Lowell in 1814,[21] and by the 19th century the Charles River was one of the most industrialized areas in the United States. Itshydropower soon fueled many mills and factories. By the century's end, 20 dams had been built across the river, mostly to generate power for industry. An 1875 government report listed 43 mills along the9+1⁄2-mile (15 km) tidal estuary fromWatertown Dam to Boston Harbor.
From 1816 to 1968, theU.S. Army operated a gun and ammunition storage and later production facility known as theWatertown Arsenal. While it was key to many of the nation's war efforts over its several decades in operation, not the least of which being theAmerican Civil War andWorld War I, its location inWatertown so near the Charles did great environmental harm. The arsenal was declared aSuper Fund site, and after its closure by the government it had to be cleaned at significant expense before it could be safely used again for other purposes. Likewise, the many factories and mills along the banks of the Charles supported a buoyant economy in their time but left a legacy of massive pollution.
For several years, theCharles River Speedway operated along part of the river.
Today's Charles River basin betweenBoston and Cambridge is almost entirely a work of human design.Owen A. Galvin was appointed head of the Charles River Improvement Commission by GovernorWilliam E. Russell in 1891. Their work led to the design initiatives of notedlandscape architectsCharles Eliot andArthur Shurcliff, both of whom had apprenticed withFrederick Law Olmsted andGuy Lowell. This designed landscape includes over 20 parks and natural areas along 19 miles (31 km) of shoreline, from the New Dam at the Charlestown Bridge to the dam near Watertown Square.
Eliot first envisioned today's river design in the 1890s, an important model being the layout of theAlster basin inHamburg,[22] but major construction began only after Eliot's death with the damming of the river's mouth at today'sBoston Museum of Science, an effort led byJames Jackson Storrow. The new dam, completed in 1910, stabilized the water level from Boston to Watertown, eliminating the existing mud flats, and a narrow embankment was built between Leverett Circle and Charlesgate. After Storrow's death, his widow Mrs. James Jackson Storrow donated $1 million toward the creation of a more generously landscaped park along the Esplanade; it was dedicated in 1936 as the Storrow Memorial Embankment. This also enabled the construction of many public docks in the Charles River Basin. In the 1950s a highway,Storrow Drive, was built along the edge of the Esplanade to connect Charles Circle with Soldiers Field Road, and the Esplanade was enlarged on the water side of the new highway.
TheInner Belt highway was proposed to cross the Charles River at theBoston University Bridge, but its construction was canceled in the 1970s.
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Assewage,industrial wastewater andurban runoff flowed freely into the river from the surrounding city, the Charles River became well known for its high level ofpollutants, gaining such notoriety that by 1955,Bernard DeVoto wrote inHarper's Magazine that the Charles was "foul and noisome, polluted by offal and industrious wastes, scummy with oil, unlikely to be mistaken for water."[23]Fish kills and submerged vehicles were a common sight, along withtoxic chemical plumes that colored parts of the river pink and orange.[24]The Standells sang about the sorry state of the Charles in their 1965 song "Dirty Water".
Once popular with swimmers, awareness of the river's high pollution levels forced the state to shut down several popular swimming areas, including Cambridge's Magazine Beach and Gerry Landing public beaches.[23][25]
Efforts to clean up the river and restore it to a state where swimming and fishing would be acceptable began as early as the 1960s, and the program to clean up the Charles for good took shape in 1965 with the creation of the Charles River Watershed Association.[26]In 1978, a newCharles River Dam was constructed downstream from the Science Museum site to keepsalt water out of the basin.
In 1995, theUnited States Environmental Protection Agency declared a goal of making the river swimmable by 2005.[23] In 1996, GovernorWilliam Weld plunged, fully clothed, into the river to prove his commitment to cleaning up the river.[27] On November 12, 2004, Christopher Swain became the first person to swim the Charles River's entire length, in an effort to raise public awareness of the river's environmental health.[28][29][30] In July 2007, the river hosted the Charles River Masters Swim Race, the first sanctioned race in the Charles in over five decades.[31]
A combination of public and private initiatives helped drastically lower levels of pollutants by focusing on eliminatingcombined sewer overflows and stormwaterrunoff. Since Weld's stunt, the river's condition has improved dramatically, although it was not deemed entirely swimmable by 2005.
TheConservation Law Foundation opposes the permit given toMirant for theVeolia Energy North AmericaKendall Cogeneration Station, an electricity plant nearKendall Square, charging that the water it releases causes blooms of hazardousmicroorganisms because of its warm temperature.[32]
The water quality of the Charles River is often at its worst after a large rainfall because of pollutants carried by runoff, and sewage overflows. For 2011, the EPA reported that the Charles met state bacterial standards for boating and swimming 96% and 89% of the time on dry days, and 74% and 35% of the time on wet days, respectively.[33] Overall boatability and swimability of 82% and 54% in 2011 compared with 39% and 19% in 1995. In June 2018, theEnvironmental Protection Agency graded the river's 2017 bacterial water quality "A−".[34]
A study[35] published in theJournal of the American Water Resources Association in April 2008 and completed by researchers at Northeastern University, found high concentrations ofE. colibacteria in the Charles River after a long period of no rain. Using amathematical model, the researchers then determined that two major tributaries, theStony Brook andMuddy River, are the predominant sources ofE. coli in the lower Charles River.[36]
Starting in 2007,[37] the Charles River Swimming Club has organized an annual race for its members, but obtains a special permit and must monitor water quality and rainfall in the days leading up to the race.[38] The "first public swim" in the Charles since the 1950s was conducted on July 13, 2013, by the Charles River Conservancy,[Note 1] Charles River Watershed Association (CRWA), Esplanade Association, and DCR.[39] Both the annual race[40] and the Conservancy event have been held in deep water with swimmers jumping in off a dock, to avoid the toxic sediments on the bottom of the river that still make beach swimming dangerous.[41] Swimming without a permit is punishable by a fine up to $250.[42]
The Charles River is home to a wide range of freshwater fish species and some diadromous species. There are over 25 species able to be found in the Charles and some of the most common freshwater fish include the Redfin Pickerel, Largemouth Bass, Golden Shiner, Yellow Perch, a variety of sunfish (such as Bluegills, Redbreast Sunfish, and Pumpkinseeds), and some species of catfish (Yellow Bullhead, Brown Bullhead, White Bullhead).[43] Thediadromous fish (fish that spend parts of their lives in fresh and salt water) that can be found in the Charles are mostly anadromous species (fish that migrate from sea to freshwater to spawn). These include the Alewife Herring, American Shad, White Perch, and Striped Bass. The only catadromous species (fish that migrate from freshwater to sea to spawn) in the Charles is the American Eel.
With the many initiatives to improve the health of the river in the years since the formation of the CRWA, the health and variety of fish in the river have greatly improved. One example of this is the reintroduction ofAmerican Shad into the Charles. American Shad used to be one of the most common species in the river until the 1800s when population numbers decreased because of new dams and poor water quality. With improved water quality and partial dam breaches created in modern times, the CRWA, along with the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries and theU.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, targeted American Shad as a species to revive in the river's ecosystem.[44] In the years from 2006 to 2011, the river was stocked with millions of shad fry. Research showed that these shad were in fact returning to the river to spawn, a testament to the improved health of the river.
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