Acel, short forcelluloid, is a transparent sheet on which objects are drawn or painted fortraditional, classical, hand-drawn animation. Actual celluloid (consisting ofcellulose nitrate andcamphor) was used during the first half of the 20th century. Since it was flammable and dimensionally unstable, celluloid was largely replaced bycellulose acetate (cellulose diacetate andcellulose triacetate) and polyester.[1] With the advent of computer-assisted animation production (also known as digital ink and paint), the use of cels has becomeobsolete in major productions.Walt Disney Animation Studios stopped using cels in 1990, whenComputer Animation Production System (CAPS) replaced this element in their animation process.[2] In the next decade and a half, other animation studios phased cels out as well in favor of digital ink and paint.
Generally, the characters are drawn and painted on cels and laid over a static background painting or drawing. This reduces the number of times an image has to be redrawn and enablesstudios to split up the production process to different specialisedteams. Using thisassembly line way to animate has made it possible to producefilms much more cost-effectively. The invention of thetechnique is generally attributed toEarl Hurd, who patented the process in 1914.
The outline of the images are drawn on the front of the cel while colors are painted on the back to eliminate brushstrokes. Traditionally, the outlines were hand-inked, but since the 1960s they are almost exclusivelyxerographed on. Another important breakthrough in cel animation was the development of theAnimation Photo Transfer Process, first seen inThe Black Cauldron, released in 1985.[3]
Typically, an animated feature would require over 100,000 hand-painted cels.[4]
Production cels were sometimes sold after the animation process was completed. More popular shows and movies commanded higher prices for the cels, with some selling for thousands of dollars.
Some cels are not used for actual production work, but may be a "special" or "limited edition" version of the artwork, sometimes even printed ("serigraphed") instead of hand-painted. These normally do not fetch as high a price as original "under-the-camera" cels, which are truecollector's items. Some unique cels have fetched record prices at art auctions. For example, a large "pan" cel depicting numerous characters from the finale ofWho Framed Roger Rabbit sold for $50,600 atSotheby's in 1989, including its original background.[5][6]
Disney Stores sold production cels fromThe Little Mermaid (their last film to use cels) at prices from $2,500 to $3,500, without the original backgrounds. Screen printed "sericels" (serigraphic cels) from the same film were $250, with edition sizes of 2,500–5,000 pieces.[7]
Disney's next animation smash was The Little Mermaid - the last Disney feature to utilize hand-painted acetate cels... Beauty and the Beast, Disney's next hit animation feature, was the first to use, instead of hand-painted cels, Disney's "CAPS" computer-generated characters.
[The Black Cauldron was] The first film to utilize Disney's revolutionary Animation Photo Transfer Process, which transfers drawings to cells with greater speed and resolution than the usual Xeroxing Method;
A cel-animated feature requires over 100,000 hand-painted cels, so from Beauty there was obviously far less production artwork.
Prices at the Roger Rabbit sale went through the roof. One cel, depicting a large group of characters, sold for $50,600!
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