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TheCarausian revolt (AD 286–296) was an episode inRoman history during which aRomannaval commander,Carausius, declared himself emperor overBritain and northernGaul. His Gallic territories were retaken by the westernCaesarConstantius Chlorus in 293, after which Carausius was assassinated by his subordinateAllectus. Britain was regained by Constantius and his subordinateAsclepiodotus in 296.
Carausius, aMenapian of humble birth, rose through the ranks of the Roman military and was appointed to a naval command at Bononia (Boulogne), tasked with clearing theEnglish Channel ofFrankish andSaxon raiders. However, he was accused of collaborating with the pirates to enrich himself, and the westernAugustus,Maximian, ordered that he be put to death. Carausius responded by declaring himself emperor in Britain.[1] His forces comprised not only his fleet, augmented by new ships he had built, and the threelegions stationed in Britain, but a legion he had seized in Gaul, a number of foreignauxiliary units, a levy of Gaulish merchant ships, and barbarian mercenaries attracted by the prospect of booty.[2]
Apanegyric delivered to Maximian in AD 288 or 289 refers to the emperor preparing an invasion to oust Carausius.[3][4] A later panegyric to Constantius Chlorus says that this invasion failed due to bad weather, although Carausius claimed it as a military victory,[5] andEutropius says that hostilities were in vain thanks to Carausius's military skill, and peace was agreed.[6]
Having warded off a threat to his power, Carausius began to entertain visions of legitimacy and official recognition. He minted his own coins and brought their value into line with Roman issues as well as acknowledging and honouring Maximian and thenDiocletian. This suggests that he would have been very willing to participate in a rapprochement, if the others had agreed. He appears to have appealed to native British dissatisfaction with Roman rule: he issued coins with legends such asRestitutor Britanniae (Restorer of Britain) andGenius Britanniae (Spirit of Britain). Previously, Britain had been part of theGallic Empire established byPostumus in 260, which had also included Gaul andHispania and had only been restored byAurelian in 274. A milestone fromCarlisle with his name on it suggests that the whole ofRoman Britain was in Carausius' grasp.[7]
In 293Constantius Chlorus, now the western Caesar, isolated Carausius by retaking the territory he held in Gaul. Constantius next besieged the port of Bononia (now Boulogne-sur-Mer in northern France), building amole across the harbour mouth to prevent the rebels from escaping by sea and ensure they could not receive maritime aid. He also invaded Batavia in the Rhine delta, securing his rear against Carausius's Frankish allies. However, it was impossible to mount an invasion of Britain until a suitable fleet could be built.[8]
Carausius, who had by this time led as "Imperium Britanniarum" for seven years, was assassinated in 293 in by his subordinate and finance ministerAllectus; Allectus then assumed command.[9]
Three years later, in 296, the Roman Empire's reconquest of Britain began. With Maximian holding the Rhine frontier, Constantius divided his fleet into several divisions. He led one division himself from Bononia; another, sailing fromLe Havre, was commanded byAsclepiodotus, prefect of thePraetorian Guard.[10] Allectus stationed his fleet at theIsle of Wight, but fog allowed Asclepiodotus's ships to pass the defenders unseen. Asclepiodotus landed in the vicinity ofSouthampton and burned his ships. The rebels were forced to retreat from the coast, but in doing so, fell into the hands of another division and were routed. Allectus himself was killed in the battle, having removed all insignia in the hope that his body would not be identified.[11] Archaeology suggests thatCalleva Atrebatum (Silchester) was the site of his defeat.[12] A group of Roman troops, who had been separated from the main body by the fog during the channel crossing, caught up with the remnants of Allectus's men, mostly Franks, at Londinium (London), and massacred them.[13]
Constantius himself, it seems, did not reach Britain until it was all over, and the panegyrist claims he was welcomed by the Britons as a liberator.[14] At some point following the island's recovery by the Empire, theDiocletian Reforms were introduced: Britain as a whole became theDiocese of the Britains under the administration of thePrefecture of the Gauls based inAugusta Treverorum (Trier) and was divided from two provinces into four or five.[citation needed]
Carausius, Allectus, Asclepiodotus and Constantius appear inGeoffrey of Monmouth'sHistoria Regum Britanniae (1136) in distorted guise, as rulers of Britain. Here, Carausius is a native Briton who persuades the Romans to give him a naval command, and uses that to overthrow the king of Britain, Bassianus, orCaracalla. The Romans send Allectus with three legions to remove him, but Allectus proves an oppressive ruler, and Asclepiodotus, here a duke of Cornwall, leads a popular uprising to depose him. He defeats Allectus near London, and besieges his last legion in the city. The Romans surrender on the condition they are allowed safe passage out of Britain, which Asclepiodotus grants, but his allies theVenedoti behead them and throw their heads in the riverGallobroc. Ten years later Asclepiodotus is deposed byCoel, duke of Colchester, for his part in the persecution of Christians underDiocletian. The Romans send Constantius to negotiate with him. Coel agrees to pay tribute to Rome and gives Constantius his daughterHelena in marriage, and upon his death Constantius becomes the new king of Britain.[15]
