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Capital punishment in North Korea

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Part of a series on
Human rights in North Korea

Capital punishment is a legal penalty in North Korea. It is used for many offenses, such asgrand theft,murder,rape,drug smuggling,treason,espionage,political dissent,defection,piracy, consumption ofmedia not approved by the government andproselytizing religious beliefs that contradict the practicedJuche ideology.[1] Owing to the secrecy of the North Korean government, working knowledge of the topic depends heavily on anonymous sources, accounts ofdefectors (both relatives of victims, and former members of the government) and reports byRadio Free Asia, a United States government-funded news service that operates in East Asia.[1] The country allegedly carries out public executions, which, if true, makes North Korea one of the last four countries that still performspublic executions, the other three beingIran,Saudi Arabia, andSomalia, but this has been disputed by some defector accounts.[2]

Reported executions

[edit]

The South-Korean-basedDatabase Center for North Korean Human Rights has collected unverified testimony on 1,193 historic executions in North Korea through 2009.[3]Amnesty International reported that there were 105 executions between 2007 and 2012.[4] TheForeign Policy periodical estimated there were 60 executions in 2010.[5] In October 2001, the North Korean government told the UN Human Rights Committee that "only 13" executions had occurred since 1998 and that no public execution had occurred since 1992.[6]

On December 13, 2013, North Korean state media announced the execution ofJang Sung-taek, the uncle by marriage of North Korea's leaderKim Jong Un.[7] TheSouth Korean National Intelligence Service believes that two ofJang Sung-taek closest aides, Lee Yong-ha and Jang Soo-keel, were executed in mid-November.[8]

In 2014, theUnited Nations Human Rights Council created aCommission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, investigating and documenting alleged instances of executions carried out with or without trial, publicly or secretly, in response to political and other crimes that are often not among the most serious. The Commission determined that these systematic acts, if true, rise to the level ofcrimes against humanity.[1]

List of reported executions

[edit]
Date of executionConvictCrimeMethodSource
February 2025Kim brothers and RiEscape attemptPublic execution by machine gun fireRadio Free Asia[9]
January 10, 2025Two nuclear power plant researchersFailing to meet technical targets set by the Central CommitteeUnspecifiedDaily NK[10]
August 31, 2024Ri (39F) and Kang (43F)Aiding an escape attemptPublic executionNDTV[11]
August 202420–30 party officialsCorruption and dereliction of duty in failure to prevent theYalu river flooding, which killed 5,000 peopleUnspecifiedNewsweek[12]
December 19, 2023Unnamed 23-year old manMurder–robberyPublic execution by firing squadRadio Free Asia[13]
September 25, 2023Unnamed 40-year old manStealing medicinePublic execution by firing squadRadio Free Asia[14]
August 30, 2023Nine unnamed peopleSmuggling beefPublic execution by firing squadRadio Free Asia[15]
March 2023Unnamed pregnant womanPolitical dissentUnspecifiedHindustan Times[16]
March 2023Six unnamed teenagersWatchingSouth Korean movies and using drugsExecution by shootingHindustan Times[16]
October 2022Two unnamed teenagersDistributingSouth Korean moviesPublic execution byfiring squadRadio Free Asia[17]
October 2022Unnamed teenagerMurder of stepmotherPublic execution by firing squadRadio Free Asia[17]
April 2022Unnamed 22-year-old manDistributing South Korean mediaPublic execution by firing squadSouth Korea's Unification Ministry,[18] BBC[19]
January 2022Unnamed man and womanDistributingSouth Korean moviesPublic execution by firing squadDaily NK[20]
March 2, 2021Three unnamed men and one unnamed womanDistributingSouth Korean moviesPublic execution by firing squadDaily NK[21]
July 20, 2020Six unnamed menSex traffickingPublic execution by shootingRadio Free Asia[22]
May 2020Unnamed woman and manEscape attemptExecution by shootingRadio Free Asia[23]
April 2020Three unnamed menTheftExecution by shootingRadio Free Asia[24]
February 2020Unnamed manQuarantine violationExecution by shooting[25]
March 2019Two unnamed womenFortune-tellingPublic execution by shooting[26]
January 10, 2019Unnamed manMurder of prison guardExecution by shooting[27]
December 2018Unnamed manCorruptionPublic execution by shooting[28]
December 2018Unnamed personFortune tellingPublic execution; method unspecified[29]
November 17, 2018Unnamed womanFortune tellingExecution by shootingDaily NK[30]
2018Male military officerEmbezzlementUnspecified[31]
2018Two unnamed peopleUnspecifiedPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
2018Unnamed womanUnspecifiedPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
February or March 2018Unnamed manUnspecifiedPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
January 2018Unnamed womanUnspecifiedPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
January 2018Unnamed woman in her 30sDrug-related murderPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
2017Unnamed manDistributing South Korean moviesPublic execution by shootingKINU[33]
December 2017Unnamed womanUnspecifiedPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
April 2017One manExtortion, murder, theftSecret execution; method unspecifiedDaily NK[34]
February 27, 2017Five unnamed menMaking false reportExecution by shooting[35]
February 201720 unnamed peopleWatching South Korean movies and drug tradingPublic execution by shootingKINU[32][33]
July 2016Kim Yong-jinHaving bad posture and sleeping during meetingsExecution by shooting[36]
2016Unnamed manHuman traffickingPublic execution by shootingKINU[32]
May 2015Choe Yong-gonTreasonUnspecified[citation needed]
March 2015Five men in their 30s and 40sWatching South Korean movies and drug tradePublic execution by shootingKINU[33]
2015Six peopleConducting Christian worshipExecution by shooting[37]
October 2014Three unnamed menDistrbuting South Korean moviesPublic execution by shootingKINU[33]
2014Two unnamed menDistributing South Korean movies and procuring prostitutionExecution by shootingKINU[33]
2014Unnamed manDistributing South Korean movies and drug tradingPublic execution by shootingKINU[33]
2014UnspecifiedConductingShamanismUnspecifiedUSCIRF[38]
201449-year-old manCalling relative in South KoreaUnspecified[39]
2013Two university studentsWatching South Korean adult videosExecution by shootingKINU[40]
December 12, 2013Jang Song-thaek and 7 unnamed menTreasonExecution by shooting[citation needed]
November 201330-year old manDrugs, illegal video recordings, and rapePublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
October 2013Three people (including one man and one woman)Selling drugsPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
January 2013Two menSouth Korean video recordingsUnspecifiedKINU[40]
December 4, 2011Three men and one womanSelling drugsPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
September 2011Alesbian coupleCorruption of public moralsUnspecified[41]
July 201145-year-old manSelling drugsPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
April 2011Child and GrandmotherConducting Christian worshipExecution by firing squad[38][42]
January 3, 2011Unnamed man and unnamed womanTreasonExecution by shooting[43]
October 2010Two men and two womenHuman traffickingPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
July 2010Two men and four womenHuman traffickingPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
May 2010Unnamed manSelling South Korean compact discsPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
March 17, 2010Pak Nam-giTreasonExecution by shooting[citation needed]
February 2010Unnamed manRape of a minorPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
November 2009Four peopleHuman traffickingPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
September 2009Four peopleHuman traffickingPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
July 200934-year-old manRape and murderPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
June 2009Unnamed manRapePublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
May 2009Two men in their 20s and one woman in her 40sAiding escape attemptPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
October 2008Unnamed womanSelling South Korean compact discsPublic executionKINU[40]
September 200850-year-old manSelling drugsPublic executionKINU[44]
Summer 2008Four men and one womanSelling drugsPublic execution by shootingKINU[40]
May 200826-year old manHuman traffickingPublic execution by firing squadKINU[44]
March 2008Three womenHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[44]
30 January 2008Seven peopleSelling drugsPublic executionKINU[44]
January 2008Unnamed manMurdering a four-year old childPublic executionKINU[44]
2007Seven peopleStealing and selling rice and gasolinePublic executionKINU[44]
2007Man and womanSmuggling protected trees to ChinaPublic executionKINU[44]
December 2007Kim Young-manSelling drugsPublic executionKINU[44]
26 December 200759-year old man and another manSelling sex videotapes and a South Korean movie DVDPublic executionKINU[44]
25 December 2007Three men, including a 45-year-old and a womanSelling drugsPublic executionKINU[44]
22 December 2007Four unnamed menSmugglingPublic execution (2), secret execution (2)KINU[44]
November 2007Unnamed officialTaking bribesPublic executionKINU[44]
5 October 200775-year old manConverting phone lines to facilitate calls with outside worldPublic executionKINU[44]
Early September 2007Unnamed manSmuggling lumberPublic execution by firing squadKINU[44]
September 2007Army sergeantMurder-robberyPublic execution by firing squadKINU[44]
August 2007 or laterMak-kong (50M)GamblingPublic executionKINU[44]
July 200741-year old manReceiving money from South KoreaPublic executionKINU[44]
July 2007College studentMurdering his pregnant girlfriendPublic executionKINU[44]
July 2007Unnamed manSelling drugsPublic executionKINU[44]
25 July 2007Man and womanGambling, drug selling, selling sex magazines and videotapes, as well as embezzlementPublic executionKINU[44]
July 10, 2007Unnamed womanStealing and murder of a 12 year-old girlExecution by shooting[45]
15 June 2007Two womenHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[44]
May 17, 2007Two guardsSelling drugs and theftPublic execution[46]
February 200740-year old manHuman traffickingSecret executionKINU[44]
200626 year-old manHuman trafficking and collecting goldPublic executionKINU[44]
19 May 2006Ex-soldierStealing copper linesPublic executionKINU[44]
17 May 2006Two unnamed peopleSelling drugs and CDsPublic executionKINU[44]
2005Unnamed manButchering a cowPublic executionKINU[44]
November 2005Unnamed womanHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[44]
August 2005Company president (45M)Selling copper linesPublic executionKINU[44]
15 April 200523-year old manSmuggling in a BiblePublic executionKINU[44]
April 2005College studentMurderPublic executionKINU[44]
April 2005Leader of a security platoonAiding escapePublic executionKINU[44]
March 2, 2005Han Bok NamIllegal border crossing and human traffickingPublic execution by shooting[47]
March 1, 2005Choi Jae Gon and Park Myung GilTransgression of the national border and human traffickingPublic execution by shooting[48]
February 28- March 1, 2005Three menHuman traffickingPublic execution by shooting[49]
January 200532-year old manListening to South Korean radio programs and singing South Korean songsPublic executionKINU[44]
2004Unnamed manIllegal sale of goldPublic executionKINU[44]
2004Army cadetAccidental killingPublic executionKINU[44]
2004Unnamed manMurder-robberyPublic executionKINU[44]
2004Man and womanHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[44]
2004Unnamed womanHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[44]
2004Unnamed manCorn theftPublic executionKINU[44]
November 2004TeacherHuman trafficking of 13 studentsPublic executionKINU[44]
November 2004Unnamed manSelling and circulating South Korean videosPublic executionKINU[44]
September 200419 year-old manStealing a pigPublic executionKINU[44]
April 2004Unnamed manFistfighting with a Safety AgentPublic execution by firing squadKINU[44]
March 2004Unnamed womanHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[44]
January 2004Man and womanActing as stringers for the South KoreaPublic executionKINU[44]
200351-year old manEscape attemptPublic execution by firing squadKINU[44]
July 200340-year-old manSmuggling and selling copper products and jewelryPublic execution by firing squadKINU[44]
11 February 2003Unnamed manPracticing ChristianityPublic executionKINU[44]
January 2003Unnamed manKilling his grandmotherPublic executionKINU[44]
2002Entire family (might refer to Lee Min Park case listed below)Anti-state crimesUnspecifiedKINU[44]
March 2002Three members of the Lee Min Park familyConducting Christian worshipUnspecified[38]
200012 peopleGrain theftPublic executionKINU[50]
May 2000Kim XXHuman traffickingPublic executionKINU[50]
199923-year old womanCrossing into China and engaging in illegal religious activitiesPublic executionKINU[44]
1999Unnamed manButchering a cowPublic executionKINU[44]
Before October 199960-year old married coupleEscape attemptPublic executionKINU[44]
May 1999Unnamed womanSlave tradePublic executionKINU[51]
January 1999Two women and a manSinging decadent songsPublic executionKINU[51]
1998Seven unnamed menBanditryPublic executionKINU[50]
November 1998Lim Chol-san and nine othersButchering an animalPublic executionKINU[51]
November 1998Lee Bom-jaeTrying to sell mushrooms in ChinaPublic executionKINU[51]
April 199813 cadres from the Social Safety AgencyUnknownPublic execution by shootingKINU[51]
15 March 1998Wife and husbandAssaulting an agent of the People's Security AgencyPublic execution by shootingKINU[51]
February 1998Six peopleSlave tradePublic executionKINU[51]
1997So Kwan-huiSabotagePublic execution by shooting[citation needed]
1997Kim Man-kum and another unnamed officialEspionagePublic execution by shootingKINU[51]
October 1997Four unnamed teenagersStreakingPublic executionKINU[51]
April 1997Family of fourSelling human meatPublic executionKINU[51]
Early 1997Choi Jong-gil and eight othersTheftPublic execution by shootingKINU[51]
1996Hyun Chul-namResisting arrestUnknownKINU[51]
29 November 1996Jang Hye-kyung (mother) and Shin Hee-keun (son)Escape attemptPublic executionKINU[44]
December 1995Family of fiveSelling human meatPublic executionKINU[51]
September 1994Suh CholStealing copperPublic executionKINU[51]
November 1992Chu Su Man (30)MurderPublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
Early 1990sUnnamed manMurder and rapePublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
October 1991Park Myung-sikTwelve murdersExecution by firing squad[53]
1990Suh Yong-soon (23F)Trying to hide damaged productsFiring squadKINU[51]
1989Kang Won-sook (21)DesertionFiring squadKINU[51]
August 1988Ju Song IlMurderPublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1988Unnamed manEmbezzlementPublic execution by hangingAmnesty International[52]
198845-year old manAttempted murderPublic execution by hangingAmnesty International[52]
1987Unnamed manMurder or rapePublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1986Unnamed manMurder or rapePublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1985Three unnamed manMurderPublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1983 or 1982One or two unnamed menRape and theftPublic executionAmnesty International[52]
1983 or 1982Two brothersStealing rice from a trainPublic executionAmnesty International[52]
1981Woo In-heeAffair with a man as Mistress of Kim Jong IlPublic execution by shooting[54]
Early 1980sTwo unnamed menUnknownPublic execution by hangingAmnesty International[52]
198025 and 65-year old manAssault and rapePublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1975 or 1976Unnamed manBeating and crippling his wifePublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1974 or 1975Two unnamed menBanditryPublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1970Two unnamed menBanditryPublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]
1970Unnamed manMurder or rapePublic execution by shootingAmnesty International[52]

Public executions

[edit]

North Korea was alleged to have resumed public executions in October 2007 after they had declined in the years following 2000 amidst international criticism. Prominent supposedly executed criminals include officials convicted of drug trafficking and embezzlement. Common criminals convicted of crimes such as murder, robbery, rape, drug dealing, smuggling, piracy, vandalism, etc. have also been reported to be executed, mostly by firing squad. The country does not publicly release national crime statistics or reports on the levels of crimes.[55] As of 2012[update], North Korea is allegedly one of four countries carrying out executions in public, the other three beingIran,Saudi Arabia andSomalia.[2] However, according to defectors interviewed byThe Diplomat in 2014, the practice of such activities had not occurred, at least inHyesan since 2000.[56]

In October 2007, a South Pyongan province factory chief convicted of making international phone calls from 13 phones he installed in his factory basement was supposedly executed by firing squad in front of a crowd of 150,000 people in a stadium, according to an unverified report from a South Korean aid agency called Good Friends.[5][57] Good Friends also reported that six were killed in the rush as spectators left. In another unverified instance, 15 people were allegedly publicly executed for crossing the border into China.[58]

A U.N. General Assembly committee has adopted a draft resolution, co-sponsored by more than 50 countries, expressing "very serious concern" at reports of widespread human rights violations in North Korea, including public executions. North Korea has condemned the draft, saying it is inaccurate and biased. The report was sent to the then 192-member General Assembly for a final vote.[59]

In 2011, two people were allegedly executed in front of 500 spectators for handling propaganda leaflets floated across the border from South Korea, reportedly as part of an unverified campaign by former North Korean leaderKim Jong Il to tighten ideological control as he groomed his youngest son,Kim Jong Un, as the eventual successor.[60]

In June 2019, a South Korean NGO the Transitional Justice Working Group released an unverified report "Mapping the Fate of the Dead" that suggested 318 sites in North Korea supposedly used by the government for public executions.[61] According to the NGO, public executions have taken place near rivers, fields, markets, schools, and sports grounds. The report alleges that family members and children of those sentenced to death were forced to watch their executions.[62]

Capital punishment in prison camps

[edit]

Amnesty International has alleged thattorture and executions are widespread inpolitical prisons in North Korea.[63] Unverified testimonies describe secret and public executions in North Korean prisons by firing squad,decapitation or byhanging.[64] Executions are allegedly used as a means of deterrence, often accompanied by torture.[65]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^abcKirby, Michael Donald;Biserko, Sonja;Darusman, Marzuki (February 7, 2014)."Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea".United Nations Human Rights Council.Archived from the original on February 27, 2014.{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)
  2. ^abRogers, Simon; Chalabi, Mona (December 13, 2013)."Death penalty statistics, country by country".The Guardian.Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. RetrievedDecember 13, 2015.
  3. ^White Paper on North Korean Human Rights 2009(PDF). Seoul: Database Center for North Korean Human Rights. May 31, 2009.ISBN 978-89-93739-03-9. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on November 4, 2013. RetrievedDecember 3, 2013.
  4. ^"Death penalty statistics, country by country".Datablog. The Guardian. 2016.Archived from the original on December 31, 2015. RetrievedApril 15, 2018.
  5. ^abKeating, Joshua E. (September 22, 2011)."The World's Top Executioners".Foreign Policy.Archived from the original on October 7, 2017. RetrievedJanuary 12, 2016.
  6. ^"Report of the detailed findings of the commission of inquiry on human rights in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea".Refworld. RetrievedAugust 12, 2025.
  7. ^"Even by North Korean standards, this announcement of Jang Song Thaek's execution is intense".Washington Post. December 12, 2013.Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. RetrievedDecember 13, 2013.
  8. ^"Seoul: Kim Jung Un Fires Uncle, Executes his Associates".Voice of Asia News. December 3, 2013.Archived from the original on December 4, 2013. RetrievedDecember 3, 2013.
  9. ^"North Korea publicly executes 3 men for trying to escape by boat to South Korea".Radio Free Asia. March 10, 2025.
  10. ^Jeong, Seo-yeong (January 23, 2025)."N. Korea executes nuclear power plant researchers over project failures".Daily NK. RetrievedJanuary 29, 2025.
  11. ^"North Korea Executes 2 Women Who Helped People Escape To South Korea: Report". September 22, 2024.
  12. ^Bergman, Sirena (September 3, 2024)."North Korea executes dozens of officials after floods, landslides: report".Newsweek. RetrievedSeptember 4, 2024.
  13. ^"Publicly executed for killing a woman while trying to steal beans".Radio Free Asia. December 23, 2023. RetrievedJune 30, 2024.
  14. ^"North Korea executes warehouse manager for stealing penicillin".Radio Free Asia. October 3, 2023. RetrievedJune 30, 2024.
  15. ^"North Korea publicly executes 9 people for running beef smuggling ring".Radio Free Asia. September 5, 2023. RetrievedMarch 6, 2024.
  16. ^abSoni, Mallika (March 31, 2023)."North Korea executes pregnant woman for pointing at Kim Jong-il's portrait".Hindustan Times.
  17. ^ab"North Korea publicly executes 2 teenagers for distributing South Korean movies".
  18. ^"North Korea publicly executed 22-year-old man for watching K-pop".Independent.co.uk. July 2, 2024.
  19. ^"A family's escape from North Korea through a minefield and stormy seas". December 5, 2023.
  20. ^"Daughter of high-ranking N. Korean cadre executed for watching and distributing S. Korean videos". March 2022.
  21. ^Ah, Ha Yoon (March 12, 2021)."Four publicly executed in Pyongyang on charges of distributing "illegal video materials"".Daily NK.Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. RetrievedMay 15, 2021.
  22. ^"North Korea Publicly Executes Six for Sex Trafficking, Including Four Officials".Radio Free Asia. August 6, 2020.Archived from the original on September 3, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2020.
  23. ^"North Korea Executes Couple For Trying to Escape to South During COVID-19 Emergency".Radio Free Asia. May 22, 2020.Archived from the original on August 6, 2020. RetrievedAugust 4, 2020.
  24. ^"North Korea Executes Three Officials For Theft of Emergency Food Supplies".Radio Free Asia. April 2020.Archived from the original on September 29, 2020. RetrievedAugust 4, 2020.
  25. ^"North Korea executes top official for leaving coronavirus quarantine to go to baths". metro.co.uk. February 13, 2020.Archived from the original on February 15, 2020. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2020.
  26. ^"North Korea Stages Public Executions to Strengthen 'Social Order'". April 10, 2019.Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2020 – via Radio Free Asia.
  27. ^"North Korean Inmate Executed By Firing Squad For Killing Prison Guard". January 17, 2019.Archived from the original on January 17, 2019. RetrievedFebruary 15, 2020 – via www.ibtimes.com.
  28. ^"N.Korea's State Guesthouse Chief Executed in Public".The Chosun Ilbo. February 12, 2019.Archived from the original on January 29, 2020. RetrievedMarch 20, 2020.
  29. ^"Crackdown on superstitious behavior leads to life sentence for unlucky fortune teller in North Korea". April 30, 2019.Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  30. ^Ah, Ha Yoon (December 19, 2018)."Fortune teller executed by firing squad in North Korea".Daily NK.Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  31. ^"North Korean army oil embezzler sentenced to execution". February 12, 2018.Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  32. ^abcdefgh"White Paper on Human Rights North Korea. 2024".KINU.
  33. ^abcdef"White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2023".KINU.
  34. ^"Extortion caper ends in execution for North Korean resident". October 31, 2017.Archived from the original on September 11, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  35. ^"Report: N. Korea executes officials with anti-aircraft guns for 'enraging' Kim Jong Un". CNBC. February 27, 2017.Archived from the original on March 20, 2020. RetrievedOctober 29, 2017.
  36. ^O'Grady, Siobhán (January 7, 2026)."North Korean Official Executed for Having Bad Posture and Sleeping During Meetings".Foreign Policy. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2026.
  37. ^"Organized Persecution: Documenting Religious Freedom Violations in North Korea"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on September 11, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  38. ^abc"Organized Persecution: Documenting Religious Freedom Violations in North Korea"(PDF).Archived(PDF) from the original on August 18, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  39. ^"North Korea executes 10 people who 'secretly used phones to call outside world'".Daily Mirror. June 23, 2021.Archived from the original on July 22, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  40. ^abcdefghijklmnopq"White Paper on Human Rights in North Korea 2015".KINU.
  41. ^"North executes lesbians for being influenced by capitalism - The Korea Times".www.koreatimes.co.kr. September 29, 2011. RetrievedJuly 27, 2025.
  42. ^"North Korea tortures and executes Christians, USCIRF says".The Jerusalem Post. August 18, 2021.Archived from the original on September 10, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  43. ^"Executions in January 2011".Archived from the original on April 15, 2020. RetrievedMarch 20, 2020.
  44. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapaqarasatauavawaxayazba"White Paper on Human Rights North Korea. 2010".KINU.
  45. ^"Another Public Execution Video from N.Korea Aired".
  46. ^A, Yang Jung (June 27, 2006).""The Mid-May Public Execution of a Discharged Soldier"".Daily NK.Archived from the original on February 10, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  47. ^"Video Captures Public Executions in North Korea".
  48. ^"Public Execution of Choi Jae Gon, Park Myung Gil".Daily NK. March 16, 2005.Archived from the original on February 28, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  49. ^NK, Daily (March 11, 2005)."Crackdowns, Public Executions on Sino-Korean Border".Daily NK.Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. RetrievedSeptember 11, 2021.
  50. ^abc"White Paper on Human Rights North Korea. 2005".KINU.
  51. ^abcdefghijklmnop"White Paper on Human Rights North Korea. 2003".KINU.
  52. ^abcdefghijklmnop"NORTH KOREA The Death Penalty"(PDF).Amnesty International. January 24, 1997.
  53. ^"北 엽기 연쇄살인 '박명식 사건' 아시나요?" [Do you know the bizarre North Korean 'Park Myung-sik serial murder' case?].Daily NK (in Korean). December 6, 2006. Archived fromthe original on January 9, 2022.
  54. ^悲運の女優 禹仁姫（ウ・インヒ）の顔写真 日本で相次いで見つかる [Photos of the unfortunate actress Woo In-hee are found one after another in Japan].KoreaWorldTimes (in Japanese). October 15, 2020.Archived from the original on November 25, 2020. RetrievedOctober 16, 2020.
  55. ^"Korea, Democratic People's Republic of"Archived June 22, 2019, at theWayback Machine,Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State. Retrieved September 25, 2013.
  56. ^"The Strange Tale of Yeonmi Park".thediplomat.com.Archived from the original on September 13, 2018. RetrievedDecember 10, 2020.
  57. ^"150,000 Witness North Korea Execution of Factory Boss Whose Crime Was Making International Phone Calls",Fox News, November 27, 2007.
  58. ^Public executions by North Korea is another injusticeArchived 2009-01-29 at theWayback Machine,Amnesty International, March 7, 2008.
  59. ^"North Korea resumes public executions".A non-profit organization work towards realization of Human rights and protects crime against humanity. English-language version of Pravda. November 26, 2007.Archived from the original on July 16, 2009. RetrievedDecember 19, 2007.
  60. ^"Public Executions over Leaflets"Archived January 25, 2011, at theWayback Machine. Parameswaran Ponnudurai. Radio Free Asia (RFA). January 24, 2011. Retrieved July 12, 2013.
  61. ^"Mapping the Fate of the Dead: Killings and Burials in North Korea"(PDF).Transitional Justice Working Group. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on June 11, 2019. RetrievedJune 10, 2019.
  62. ^"North Korea: Hundreds of public execution sites identified, says report".BBC News. June 11, 2019.Archived from the original on June 12, 2019. RetrievedJune 11, 2019.
  63. ^"Amnesty: Torture, Execution Rampant in Vast N. Korea Prisons".Voice of Asia News. December 4, 2013.Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. RetrievedDecember 13, 2013.
  64. ^"Political Prison Camps in North Korea Today"(PDF),Database Center for North Korean Human Rights, 2.1.2 Public and Secret Executions (pp. 455–480), July 15, 2011, archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 28, 2013, retrievedDecember 13, 2013
  65. ^"North Korea: A case to answer – a call to act"(PDF).Christian Solidarity Worldwide. June 20, 2007. pp. 36–37.Archived(PDF) from the original on October 21, 2013. RetrievedDecember 13, 2013.

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