Boris Bazhanov | |
|---|---|
| Born | Boris Georgiyevich Bazhanov (1900-08-09)9 August 1900 Mogilev-Podolskiy, Russian Empire |
| Died | 30 December 1982(1982-12-30) (aged 82) Paris, France |
| Resting place | Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris |
| Other names |
|
| Citizenship | |
| Known for | Stalin-eradefector |
Boris Georgiyevich Bazhanov (Russian:Бори́с Гео́ргиевич Бажа́нов; 9 August 1900 – 30 December 1982) was a secretary of theSecretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union who published memoirs about Stalin and his secrets.
Bazhanov was thepersonal secretary of Soviet leaderJoseph Stalin from August 1923 to 1925 and held several prominent positions in thePolitburo until defecting from the Soviet Union in 1928.[1][2] Bazhanov was grantedFrench citizenship and survived subsequent Soviet assassination attempts, writing and publishing memoirs and books from 1930 about Stalin and the secrets behind the Stalin regime. Bazhanov was the only member of Stalin's Secretariat to defect, and one of the first major defectors from theEastern Bloc.
David W. Doyle, who translated Bazhanov's book "Bazhanov and the Damnation of Stalin", described him as "a usually reliable source," but that "he should be read with caution where he displays bias or discusses his own motive".[3] Similarly, Western historianRobert Conquest, viewed his account as "very useful, though not always authenticable".[4]
Boris Georgiyevich Bazhanov was born on 9 August 1900, inMogilev-Podolskiy,Russian Empire (present-dayVinnytsia Oblast,Ukraine).[5] He was the son of aphysician.[5] Bazhanov was 16 years old upon the beginning of theRussian Revolution in March 1917. Bazhanov's native Ukraine witnessed some of the worst splintering of power, and theUkrainian territory was fought over continuously by various ideological factions during theUkrainian Civil War.[6] In 1918 Bazhanov graduated from high school, and that September entered theUniversity of Kiev despite the political situation.[7] However, the university was closed shortly after his arrival, and during a student protest of the closure, Bazhanov was shot and returned home to recover.[6]
Bazhanov joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1919, recalling later that he'd had to choose betweenUkrainian nationalism andcommunism.[6] He later wrote he had rejected Ukrainian nationalism because he had been raised with theRussian culture.[8] He was elected districtsecretary[9] and climbed the CPSU ranks in Ukraine.[6] In November 1920, Bazhanov went toMoscow and studiedengineering.[10] Ukraine's political disputes ended in a victory for the communists and the territory split among theUkrainian Soviet Socialist Republic,Poland,Czechoslovakia andRomania.[6] In 1922, the Ukrainian SSR joined theSoviet Union as one of itsconstituent republics.[6] Bazhanov applied to thePolitburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the highest policy-making authority within the CPSU, for a technical position.[6] Bazhanov's application was accepted byIvan Ksenofontov, a prominent member of the Soviet Union'sstate security apparatus.[6]
On 9 August 1923, Bazhanov was appointed as thepersonal secretary and assistant toJoseph Stalin, theGeneral Secretary of the CPSU.[6] The decision read: "Comrade Bazhanov is named assistant to Joseph Stalin and a secretary of theCC."[5]
As General Secretary Stalin's assistant, Bazhanov became Secretary of the Politburo and was responsible for taking notes of the meetings.[11] On 26 October 1923, Bazhanov took notes at a Central Committee meeting attended by Stalin, Soviet leaderVladimir Lenin, andLeon Trotsky, at a time when Lenin was very ill and just three months before his death.[12] During the meeting, Lenin offered to appoint Trotsky as his "heir."[12] According to Bazhanov's notes, Trotsky refused the position of deputy leader because he wasJewish, reasoning "We should not give our enemies the opportunity to say that our country was being ruled by a Jew. ... It would be far better if there was not a single Jew in the first Soviet revolutionary government."[12] Bazhanov's notes were discovered in early 1990 by Soviet historian Victor Danilov and were seen as providing the answer to a long-asked question about theBolshevik Revolution: why Trotsky refused Lenin's offer to name him heir-apparent.[12][13] After Lenin's death in January 1924, Stalin,Lev Kamenev, andGrigory Zinoviev together governed the CPSU as atriumvirate, placing themselves ideologically between Trotsky (on the left wing of the party) andNikolay Bukharin (on the right). Bazhanov was Stalin's personal secretary at the beginning of hispower struggle with Trotsky and rise to becoming the undisputed leader of the Soviet Union. Trotsky was eventually forced intoexile inMexico, where he was later assassinated in 1940 byRamón Mercader, a pro-Stalin agent.[12]
From 1923 to 1924, Bazhanov attended all of the Politburo meetings, working in Stalin'sSecretariat of the CPSU Central Committee and for the Politburo until the end of 1925.[14][15][2] In the early 1920s, Bazhanov's role in Stalin's inner circle was smaller than that of the "group of five" composed ofYakov Brezanovsky,Ivan Tovstukha,Amayak Nazaretyan,Georgy Kanner, andLev Mekhlis, but his influence with Stalin increased after Brezanovsky and Nazaretyan left the secretariat, and he held various positions at the Politburo from 1925 until 1928.[16][17][15]
On 1 January 1928, Bazhanovdefected from the Soviet Union after becoming disillusioned with communism and dissatisfied with working under Stalin. His book "Damnation and Stalin" also "reveals how those Soviets with a sense of fairness, justice, and ethics were extinguished by Stalin and his minions, and how the self–centered, protective bureaucratic machine was first built."[18] Bazhanov scheduled a business trip toAshgabat, in the Soviet Union's territory inCentral Asia, and crossed the border intoIran.[19][20] Bazhanov defected the same year that the first of Stalin'sfive-year plans for the national economy of the Soviet Union was accepted, avoiding the firstpurges that led up to theGreat Purge in the mid-to-late 1930s. Bazhanov was the only member of Stalin's Secretariat who would turn against the Soviet regime, and subsequently he was grantedasylum inFrance.[21][22]
Bazhanov became an enemy of Stalin and anenemy of the state through his defection, and was subject to numerousassassination attempts during the remainder of his life. Soviet security agencies immediately launched amanhunt for Bazhanov led byGeorges Agabekov, the chief Soviet spy in theNear East at that time, until Agabekov himself defected to France shortly afterwards in June 1930.[1] The Iranian authorities protected Bazhanov from theJoint State Political Directorate, the Sovietsecret police, who had sent agents from Moscow to assassinate him. However, Bazhanov learned that an agreement was reached between Iran and the Soviet Union through diplomatic channels toextradite him back. Bazhanov left his detention and illegally crossed the Iranian–Indian border, from where he moved to France with the help of theBritish authorities. In October 1929, Stalin ordered assassinYakov Blumkin to travel viaParis to kill Bazhanov before travelling to the island ofBüyükada inIstanbul,Turkey, to assassinate Trotsky, who had been deported from the Soviet Union in February 1929.[22] With the help of his cousin andGPU informer Arkady Maximov, Blumkin staged a car accident to kill Bazhanov; however, the plot failed.[22] Bazhanov also recalled a later assassination attempt in 1937, stating that a "Spaniard, doubtless ananarchist or communist, tried to stab me as I was returning home, as I did each evening, after having left the car in the garage."[23]
Allegedly, upon the outbreak of theWinter War, Bazhanov had attempted to organize a legion ofanti-communistRussian émigrés and Sovietprisoners of war to fight with theFinnish Army against the Soviet Union, but the plan never became reality as the war ended before it was properly organized.[24] According to Bazhanov himself, on the eve ofOperation Barbarossa, he visitedBerlin and met withAlfred Rosenberg, the head of theReich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories ofNazi Germany, and his deputyGeorg Leibbrandt. Rosenberg was studying the possibility of using Bazhanov to form a new government in the Soviet Union's territory, but Bazhanov was skeptical of Germany's plans and returned to Paris.[25][26]
In the conclusion of the 1978 bookThe Storm Petrels: The Flight of the First Soviet Defectors,[1] Bazhanov remarked on "the twisted path ofMarxism":
You know, as I do, that our civilization stands on the edge of anabyss ... Those who seek to destroy it put forth an ideal. This ideal [of communism] has been proven false by the experience of the last sixty years ... the problem of bringing freedom back to Russia is not insoluble ... the youth of Russia no longer believe in the system, despite the fact that they have known nothing else. If theWest [develops its] confidence and unity, [it] can win the battle for our civilization and set humanity on the true path to progress, not the twisted path of Marxism.[27]
Bazhanov published an edition of his memoirs in France in 1980, entitledMemoirs of a Secretary of Stalin's.[2] He died in the4th arrondissement of Paris on 30 December 1982, and is buried atPère Lachaise cemetery.[1]
The 1930 edition of Bazhanov's memoir had him becoming an anti-communist well before he came to Moscow and took up positions with the Central Committee. In later editions, Bazhanov retracted these statements, explaining that in reality he soured on the communist ideology during 1923 to 1924, while working at the Central Committee. However, he was bound to protect his closet-dissident friends remaining behind in the USSR, by casting himself as a "lone avenger" figure.[citation needed]
Bazhanov.
