In 1985 the Van Bonde Commission began to investigate the future of west–east transport. The main advocate of the proposed line was the then ministerNeelie Kroes, later Commissioner in the European Union until 2014. In 1992 the German and Dutch governments signed the Treaty of Warnemünde, which addressed enhancing rail traffic and focused on the tracks fromAmsterdam andRotterdam toDuisburg. The original plan was for three branch rail lines towards Germany. The northern branch viaOldenzaal was abandoned in 1999 and the southern branch viaVenlo was abandoned in 2004. Also in 2004, the courts[which?] forbade the construction of a largelogistics centre near the village ofValburg.
In 1988 the Dutch state-owned passenger railway companyNS began work on the line. Delayed by two years, the railway was finished mid-2007. The final cost was 4.7 billioneuros, more than twice the original budget of 2.3 billion euros, and more than quadruple the initial estimate from 1990 of 1.1 billion euros.
The large and rising costs, and criticism about government funding, promoted the government to seek private financing for the line, without success. On 16 June 2007, QueenBeatrix of the Netherlands presided over the opening ceremony for the 160 kilometers (99 mi) line that connects Rotterdam to the German border.[2] Despite theTEN-T and bilateral agreements, Germany did not expect to complete reconstruction of their lines that connect with Betuweroute before 2015.[3]
The 3 kilometers (1.9 mi) longBotlekspoortunnel under Rotterdam harbour replaces the antiquated Botlek bridge. The bridge remains in service as backup and for regional traffic. Space around the tunnel was so constrained that after completing the first tube, thetunnel boring machine had to be dismantled inside the tube. The parts were then returned to the starting point and reassembled to bore the second tube.
Barendrecht railway station has 9 tracks in a 1.5 kilometers (0.93 mi) long structure. Much of the structure is covered with a layer of earth, to reduce noise. On top is a new city park. At the station itself, 4 of the tracks and their platforms have a glass roof. Nearby tracks cross on two levels.
Tunnel were built underPannerdensch Kanaal nearAngeren. Instead of the projected bridge, a 2.7 kilometers (1.7 mi) tunnel was bored, to protect the landscape and environment. The tunnel entrances were designed to blend in with the landscape. The tunnel itself has large lockable doors at each end, to prevent a flood on one side of the canal inundating the region on the opposite bank. Because two endangered animal species were found in the vicinity of the tunnel, a new habitat was laid out for theGreat crested newt and theNatterjack Toad, as this video shows.[6]
The route is electrified at25 kV AC and signaled using theERTMS2 standard andAF Track Circuits. Electrification meets new European standards, but Dutch locomotives could not use the line's power because they run on a different voltage. The German extension of the route does not comply with the new ERTMS2 standards, and also uses another voltage, thus limiting usability of the track. Custom-made locomotives were needed. The first new-spec locomotive was delivered toRailion in December 2007.
Tunnels, viaducts and other parts of the railway are engineered to be 4.0 m wide and 6.15 m high in order to allowdouble stacked container trains under overhead wires,[7] although no such trains will be in use on this route for years to come. The overhead wires were installed at standard height, to accommodate locomotives with standardpantographs. This and viaducts on the connecting lines prevent use of double-stacked containers.[citation needed] In the future, the overhead electrification wires could be raised to allow for double stacking without much effort or cost.[citation needed]
For the section fromRotterdam to the largeKijfhoek classification yard, existing track was reconstructed. New construction occurred from Kijfhoek toZevenaar near the German border, which is most of the remaining three quarters of the line.
The total length of noise insulation panels on both sides of the track is 160 kilometers (99 mi), the same as the route length.
Roll bars along the track keep derailed cars from toppling.
5 tunnels and several roofed sections add up to a length of 20 kilometers (12 mi).
There are 190 passages to allow wildlife to cross.
There are no level crossings, but instead 130 bridges and viaducts.[8]
Once the German line signaling and other infrastructure are updated, the Betuweroute's capacity will be 10 trains per hour in each direction.
When the line opened, project managers hoped within five years to reach a daily average of 150 freight trains.[9] In the first six months of operation, the unfinished German connection and problems with safety equipment caused traffic to be light.[10] Usage increased steeply over the years 2008–2011. By mid-2011, 78% of all freight trains between Rotterdam and the German border took the Betuweroute. The other freight trains travelled via eitherVenlo or the border atBad Bentheim, or used the conventional railway through Arnhem toEmmerich am Rhein[11] Beginning in 2009, the heaviest trains in Germany and the Netherlands, 6,000 tonne trains, transported iron ore between the port of Rotterdam andDillingen in Germany using the Betuweroute. As of 2019, the Betuweroute carried 4.2 billionton-kilometers of cargo and 2.3 milliontrain kilometers.[12]
Unlike other Dutch rail network tariffs, the tariff charged to train operators to use the Betuwe rail line is not calculated by train weight but by the distance the train travels. Between 2008 and 2011 the tariff has increased progressively from €1.41 per train kilometer to €2.33 per train kilometer.[13]
Many Dutch people, experts and politicians such as members of parliament opposed construction of the Betuweroute. The DutchMinistry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management received 14,000 complaints against the northern branch alone, which was cancelled in 1999.GroenFront![15] (Green Front), one among dozens of activist groups, was responsible for 35 confrontations in 1999–2001.[16] University professors and official institutions heavily criticised the role of the government and ministers in relation to Betuweroute.
The main concerns about the Betuweroute were:
Cost - Even at the original budget of 2.3 billion euros, there was much discussion about economic viability. Initial hopes of attracting private investors turned out to be totally unfounded. In 2000 theCourt of Audit convicted the government of having issued unrealistic forecasts about cost, environmental effects and usage of the Betuweroute, as well as insufficient cost control. They stated that promoting river transport should have been considered as a realistic alternative. In 2004 theCentraal Planbureau (Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis), concluded that construction of the line would never pay for itself.[citation needed]
Landscape - The line passes through theGroene Hart (Green Heart) of theRandstad and theBetuwe. There were concerns the rail line would damage both regions. The Groene Hart is a more or less rural area amid theNetherlands' largest cities. The Betuwe is a less densely populated green region along the major Dutch rivers. Both feature classic Dutchpolder landscapes. Opposition to the original plans forced the construction of additional tunnels, which further increased the construction budget.
Environmental issues - Many environmentalists and neighbours fiercely resisted the new line due to concerns about noise, dangerous chemical spills and the fragmentation of animalhabitats. In response, extra noise insulation panels, tunnels and wildlife passages were built.
Alternatives - As the Court of Audit concluded in its 2000 report, river transport was and still is a realistic alternative. River transport is cheaper, more flexible,[how?] safer and not much slower.[citation needed] The Dutchbarge fleet is the largest and among the most modern in Europe,[17] capable of transporting freight to the German industrial heartland with minimal government investment.[citation needed] Major Dutch rivers includingMerwede,Waal and parts of theRhine,Maas (Meuse),IJssel andLek run roughly alongside the Betuweroute. Likewise, theA15, an excellent albeit congested highway, parallels the railway for 95 kilometers (59 mi).
Several parts of thisControversy section are based on a Dutch scientific investigation.[18]
Netherlands
