Louisiana is aSouth CentralU.S. state, with a2020 census resident population of 4,657,757,^[3] and apportioned population of 4,661,468.^[4][5] Much of the state's population is concentrated in southern Louisiana in theGreater New Orleans,Florida Parishes, andAcadiana regions, with the remainder inNorth andCentral Louisiana's major metropolitan areas (Shreveport-Bossier City;Monroe-West Monroe; andAlexandria).^[6][7] Thecenter of population of Louisiana is located inPointe Coupee Parish, in the city ofNew Roads.^[8]

Since end of the 20th century, Louisiana's population has experienced diversification, and itsnon-Hispanic or non-Latino American white population has been declining.^[10] As of 2020, theBlack or African American population have made up the largest non-white share of youths.^[11]Hispanic and Latino Americans have also increased as the second-largest racial and ethnic composition in the state, making up nearly 7% of Louisiana's population at the 2020 census.^[10] TheAsian American andmultiracial communities have also experienced rapid growth,^[10] with many of Louisiana's multiracial population identifying asCajun orLouisiana Creole.^[12]

According to the 2020 census, 57.1% of the total population wereWhite Americans; 31.4% were Black or African American, 0.7% American Indian and Alaska Native, 1.9% Asian, <0.0%Native Hawaiian or otherPacific Islander, 3.1%some other race, and 5.9% two or more races. The Hispanic and Latino American population of any race were 6.9% of the total population.^[13]

At the 2019American Community Survey, the largest ancestry groups of Louisiana were African American (31.4%),French (9.6%), German (6.2%),English (4.6%),Italian (4.2%), andScottish (0.9%).^[14] African American and French heritage have been dominant since colonial Louisiana. As of 2011, 49.0% of Louisiana's population younger than age 1 were minorities.^[15]

In Louisiana,White andEuropean Americans ofSouthern background predominate the population and culture in northern and central Louisiana. These people are predominantly ofEnglish,Huguenot French,Welsh, andIrish/Scots Irish backgrounds, and share a common, mostlyProtestant culture with Americans of neighboring states. The majority of the White American population concentrated upstate are religiously affiliated with theSouthern Baptist Convention.

Before theLouisiana Purchase, some German families had settled in a rural area along the lower Mississippi valley, then known as theGerman Coast.^[16] They assimilated into the Cajun and Creole communities.

In 1840, New Orleans was the third largest and most wealthy city in the country and the largest city in the South.^[17] Its bustling port and trade economy attracted numerous Irish, Italian,Spanish,Portuguese and German immigrants, of which the first four groups were mostly Catholic with some Germans also being Catholic, thus adding to the Roman Catholic culture in southern Louisiana. New Orleans is also home to sizableDutch,Greek andPolish communities, andJewish populations of various nationalities. More than 10,000Maltese were reported to come to Louisiana in the early 20th century.Croatians are credited with developing the state's commercial oyster industry.^[18] There is aFrench Romani (Gitan) community in Louisiana.^[19]

Cajuns andCreoles ofFrench ancestry are dominant in much of the southern part of the state of Louisiana, alongside non-Cajun or non-Creole Americans of White or Black/African American heritage. Louisiana Cajuns are the descendants of French-speakingAcadians from colonial FrenchAcadia, which is now the present-day Canadian provinces ofNew Brunswick,Nova Scotia andPrince Edward Island. Cajuns remained isolated in the swamps of southern Louisiana well into the 20th century.^[20] During the early part of the 20th century, attempts were made to suppress Cajun culture by measures such as forbidding the use of theLouisiana French language in schools.^[21]

TheCreole people of Louisiana are split into two racial divisions. Créole was the term first given to French settlers born in Louisiana when it was acolony of France. In Spanish, the term for natives wascriollo. Given the immigration and settlement patterns, white Creoles are predominantly of French and Spanish ancestry. As the slave population grew in Louisiana, there were also enslaved blacks who could be called Creoles, in the sense of having been born in the colony.^[22]

The special meaning of Louisiana Creole, however, is associated withfree people of color (gens de couleur libres), which was generally a third class of mixed-race people who were concentrated in southern Louisiana and New Orleans. This group was formed under French and Spanish rule, made up at first of descendants from relationships between colonial men and enslaved women, mostly African. As time went on, colonial men chose companions who were often women of color, or mixed-race. Often the men would free their companions and children if still enslaved. The arrangements were formalized in New Orleans asplaçage, often associated with property settlements for the young women and education for their children, or at least for sons. Creoles who were free people of color during French and Spanish rule formed a distinct class; many were educated and became wealthy property owners or artisans, and they were politically active. Often these mixed-race Creoles married only among themselves. They were a distinct group between French and Spanish descendants, and the mass of enslaved Africans.

After theHaitian Revolution, the class of free people of color in New Orleans and Louisiana was increased by French-speaking refugees and immigrants from Haiti. At the same time, French-speaking whites entered the city, some bringing slaves with them, who in Haiti were mostly African natives. In 1809, nearly 10,000 refugees fromSaint-Domingue arrived fromCuba, where they had first fled, to settleen masse in New Orleans.^[23] They doubled that city’s population and helped preserve its French language and culture for several generations.^[24]

Creoles of color today are frequently racially mixed, being ofAfrican,French (and/orSpanish) and/orNative American heritage.^[22] Their families have historically adhered to the French or Creole-speaking environment and culture. The separate status of Creoles of color was diminished after the Louisiana Purchase, and even more so after theAmerican Civil War. Those Creoles who had been free for generations before the American Civil War lost some of their legal and social standing.

Louisiana's population had the second largest proportion of Black andAfrican Americans in the United States in 2010, afterMississippi.^[25] The Black and African American population have been historically concentrated throughout much of the state, divided along cultural lines; the Black/African American communities upstate are predominantly Protestant affiliates with theNational Baptist Convention (USA) andNational Baptist Convention of America. The remainder of the communities in southern Louisiana often adhere toCatholicism, thoughLouisiana Voodoo andHaitian Vodou are also practiced by a minority. Among theBlack and African American Catholic communities in southern Louisiana, cultural distinctives commonly kept areGospel music and someCharismatic Christian traits.^[26][27]

AmongHispanic and Latino American Louisianans, some families can trace their heritage toward Spanish Louisiana.Canary Islanders settled in the area down river from New Orleans, nowSt. Bernard Parish, and in other parts of the southeast of the state duringSpanish rule. These would form the basis of Louisiana'sIsleño population.^[28][29] Settlement at theLos Adaes presidio and mission also resulted in a local Spanish-speaking population along theSabine River. Louisiana has a growing Mexican and Central American population. The majority of Latinos in Louisiana are of Mexican origin.^[30]

Louisiana has received a significant influx of immigrants from various Latin American nations, includingMexico,Cuba, theDominican Republic,Honduras,El Salvador andNicaragua. New Orleans is home to one of the largest Honduran American communities in the United States. Established Cuban American and Dominican communities can be found in the New Orleans region, with some origins tracing back to the 1920s and even the 1880s. Many of these individuals are immigrants, particularly among the Cuban population, which includes political refugees fleeing the anti-Castro regime.^[31]

Asian Indians were the largest group of Asian Americans in the state, followed by theChinese.Filipinos were the third largest single Asian American ethnicity.^[32]

The first significant wave of Chinese migration took place duringReconstruction after the American Civil War.^[33]Local planters importedCantonese contract workers from Cuba and California as a low-cost substitute forslave labor. By 1870, the Chinese had begun migrating from the plantations to the cities, especially New Orleans, forming a Chinatown that existed from the 1880s until its removal byWPA development in 1937.^[34] The Chinese dominated the city's laundry industry during this period, as they had in other American cities. But by the 1940s, the younger generation ofAmerican-born Chinese were already entering college and abandoning the laundry industry.

Subsequent waves of immigration have brought many Chinese fromTaiwan, Hong Kong, Mainland China, as well as Indians,Middle Easterners,Koreans,Japanese, Southeast Asians, andother Asians, to New Orleans,Baton Rouge, and other cities in the state. TheVietnamese began migrating to the southern part of the state and the Gulf Coast region after theFall of Saigon in 1975. Since then, the Vietnamese have become one of the largest Asian populations in the state. The Vietnamese have also come to dominate the fishing and shrimping industry in southeast Louisiana.^[35]

Filipinos had immigrated all the way to the Southern United States from thePhilippines. Filipinos rebelled against slavery on ships and settled in Louisiana, near the similarly Spanish-colonized independent ethnic Isleño community. The oldest community of Asian Americans in the United States atSaint Malo, Louisiana was founded by Filipino exiles from theManila galleon trade betweenMexico and the Philippines. The exact date of the establishment of Saint Malo is disputed.^[36] The settlement may have been formed as early as 1763 or 1765 by the Filipinodeserters and escaped slaves of the Spanish Manila Galleon trade.^{[37][38][39][40]} The members of the community were commonly referred to asManila men, orManilamen, and laterTagalas.^[41] Filipino Americans residing in the region were recruited by local pirateJean Lafitte to join hisBaratarians, a group of privately recruited soldiers serving under theAmerican forces under the command ofAndrew Jackson, inthe defense of New Orleans. They played a decisive role in securing the American victory, firing barrage after barrage of well-aimed artillery fire.^[36]

Several Asians have held high office in Louisiana.Harry Lee, a Chinese American, was a federal judge, candidate for governor, and sheriff ofJefferson Parish, an office he held for 27 years, from 1979 until his death in 2007. The first Vietnamese American to be elected toU.S. Congress wasJoseph Cao of New Orleans, in 2008. In 2007, former congressmanBobby Jindal of Baton Rouge was electedgovernor of Louisiana, becoming the first Indian American to be elected governor of any state.

Louisiana is home to four federally recognizedNative American tribes, theChitimacha, theCoushatta, theJena Band of Choctaw Indians, and theTunica-Biloxi.^[42]

Note: Births in table don't add up, because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.

• Since 2016, data for births ofWhite Hispanic origin are not collected, but included in oneHispanic group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

According toimmigration statistics in 2018, approximately four percent of Louisianians were immigrants, while another four percent were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Mexico (16%), Honduras (15%), Vietnam (10%), the Philippines (5%), and Guatemala (4%).^[55] In 2019, approximately 4.2% of Louisianians were immigrants, while 2% were native-born U.S. citizens with at least one immigrant parent. The majority of Louisianian immigrants came from Honduras (18.8%), Mexico (13.6%), Vietnam (11.3%), Cuba (5.8%), and India (4.4%).^[56]

Among the immigrant population in 2014, an estimated 64,500 were undocumented; Louisiana's undocumented immigrant population earned more than a billion U.S. dollars and paid $136 million in taxes.^[57] The undocumented immigrant population increased to 70,000 in 2016 and comprised two percent of the state population.^[55] In 2019, 29.4% of the population were undocumented, and altogether the state's documented and undocumented population paid 1.2 billion U.S. dollars in taxes.^[56] Its undocumented population had an estimated household income of $800.8 million, and paid $80.6 million in taxes as of 2019.

Louisiana has a unique linguistic culture, owing to its French and Spanish heritage—although historically—Native American peoples in the area at the time of European encounter were seven tribes distinguished by their languages:Caddo,Tunica,Natchez,Houma,Choctaw,Atakapa, andChitimacha.^[58] Other Native American peoples migrated into the region, escaping European pressure from the east. Among these were theAlabama, Biloxi, Koasati, and Ofo peoples. OnlyKoasati still has native speakers in Louisiana (Choctaw, Alabama and possibly Caddo are still spoken in other states), although several tribes have been working to revitalize their languages.^[59][60]

Starting in the 1700s, French colonists began to settle along the coast and founded New Orleans. They established French culture and language institutions. They imported thousands of slaves from tribes of West Africa, whospoke several different languages. In the creolization process, the slaves developed aLouisiana Creole dialect incorporating both French and African forms, which colonists adopted to communicate with them, and which persisted beyond slavery.

During the 19th century after the Louisiana Purchase by the United States, English gradually gained prominence for business and government due to the shift in population with settlement by numerous Americans who were English speakers. Many ethnic French families continued to use French in private. Slaves and some free people of color also spoke Louisiana Creole language. Thestate constitution of 1812 gave English official status in legal proceedings, but use of French remained widespread. Subsequent state constitutions reflect the diminishing importance of French. The 1868 constitution, passed during theReconstruction era before Louisiana was re-admitted to the Union, banned laws requiring the publication of legal proceedings in languages other than English. Subsequently, the legal status of French recovered somewhat, but it never regained its pre-American Civil War prominence.^[61]

Several unique dialects of French, Creole, and English are currently spoken in Louisiana. Dialects of the French language are:Colonial French and Houma French.Louisiana Creole French is the term for one of theCreole languages. Two unique dialects developed of the English language:Louisiana (Cajun) English, a French-influenced variety of English in which dropping of postvocalic /r/ is common; and what is informally known asYat, which resembles theNew York City dialect sometimes with southern influences, particularly that of historicalBrooklyn. Both accents were influenced by large communities of immigrant Irish and Italians, but the Yat dialect, which developed in New Orleans, was also influenced by French and Spanish. Two varieties of Spanish—Isleño andSabine River Spanish—are also native to Louisiana and date back to the Spanish colonial period.

Renewed interest in the French language in Louisiana has led to the establishment of Canadian-modeledFrench immersion schools, as well as bilingual signage in the historic French neighborhoods of New Orleans and Lafayette. In addition to private organizations, since 1968 the state has maintained theCouncil for the Development of French in Louisiana (CODOFIL), which promotes use of the French language in the state's tourism, economic development, culture, education and international relations.^[62]

In 1984, the international organizationAlliance Française, which aims to promote the French language and Francophone cultures, set up in New Orleans with the creation of theAlliance Française of New Orleans,^[63] which is now the city's Francophone cultural center.

In 2018, Louisiana became the firstU.S. state to join theOrganisation internationale de la Francophonie as an observer.^[64] Since Louisiana joined theFrancophonie, new organizations have launched to help revitalize Louisiana French and Creole, including the Nous Foundation.

According to the2000 census, among persons five years old and older,^[65] 90.8% of Louisiana residents speak onlyEnglish (99% total speak English) and 4.7% speakFrench at home (7% total speak French). Other minority languages wereSpanish, which was spoken by 2.5% of the population;Vietnamese, by 1.2%; andGerman, by 0.2%. According to the 2010 United States census, 5.4% of the population age 5 and older spokeSpanish at home, up from 3.5% in 2000; and 4.5% spoke French (includingLouisiana French andLouisiana Creole), down from 4.8% in 2000.^[66][67] Although current state law recognizes the usage of English and French in certain circumstances, the Louisiana state constitution does not declare any"de jure official language or languages".^[68] Currently the"de facto administrative languages" of the Louisiana state government are English and French.

As an ethnically and culturally diverse state, pre-colonial, colonial and present-day Louisianians have adhered to a variety of religions and spiritual traditions; pre-colonial and colonial Louisianian peoples practiced variousNative American religions alongsideChristianity through the establishment ofSpanish andFrench missions;^[70] and other faiths includingHaitian Vodou andLouisiana Voodoo were introduced to the state and are practiced to the present day.^[71] In the colonial and present-day U.S. state of Louisiana, Christianity grew to become its most predominant religion, representing 84% of the adult population in 2014 and 76.5% in 2020,^[72][73] during two separate studies by thePew Research Center andPublic Religion Research Institute.

Among its Christian population—and in common with other southern U.S. states—the majority, particularly in the north of the state, belong to various Protestant denominations;Protestantism was introduced to the state in the 1800s, with Baptists establishing two churches in 1812, followed by Methodists; Episcopalians first entered the state by 1805.^[74] Protestant Christians made up 57% of the state's adult population at the 2014 Pew Research Center study, and 53% at the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute's study. Protestants are concentrated in North Louisiana, Central Louisiana, and the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. According to the 2014 study, Louisiana's largest Protestant Christian denominations were theSouthern Baptist Convention,National Baptist Convention USA,National Baptist Convention of America,Progressive National Baptist Convention,American Baptist Churches USA, non/interdenominational Evangelicals andmainline Protestants, theAssemblies of God USA,Church of God in Christ,African Methodist Episcopal andChristian Methodist Episcopal churches, and theUnited Methodist Church.^[72]

According to a prior study byAssociation of Religion Data Archives in 2010, the Southern Baptist Convention had 709,650 members, and the United Methodist Church had 146,848; non-denominational Protestant churches had 195,903 members.^[75] In another study by the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, the Southern Baptists remained the state's largest Protestant denomination (648,734), followed by the United Methodists (128,108); non-denominational Protestants—whetherindependent congregationalist,United and Uniting, orBible churches—increased to 357,465.National Missionary Baptists reported 67,518 members, and the National Baptist Convention USA had a statewide membership of 61,997, making them the largesthistorically and predominantly African American church bodies in the state. In this study,Pentecostals were the largest Protestant traditions outside of theBaptists andMethodists; the Assemblies of God USA (45,773) was the state's largest Pentecostal body followed by the Church of God in Christ (32,116). TheProtestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America had 23,922 members, and the remaining largest Protestant denominations were theChurches of Christ (22,833), Progressive National Baptists (22,756), National Baptists of America (22,034), andFull Gospel Baptists (9,772).^[76]

Because of French and Spanish heritage, and their descendants the Creoles, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, southern Louisiana and Greater New Orleans are predominantly Catholic in contrast; according to the 2020 Public Religion Research Institute study, 22% of the adult population were Catholic.^[73] Since Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics; for instance, most of the early governors were Creole Catholics, instead of Protestants.^[70] As Catholics continue to constitute a significant fraction of Louisiana's population, they have continued to be influential in state politics. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among southern states.^[b] TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans,Diocese of Baton Rouge, andDiocese of Lafayette in Louisiana are the largest Catholic jurisdictions in the state, located within the Greater New Orleans, Greater Baton Rouge, and Lafayette metropolitan statistical areas.

Outside of Christianity, Louisiana was among the southern states with a significant Jewish population before the 20th century; Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia also had influential Jewish populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. The earliest Jewish colonists wereSephardic Jews who immigrated to theThirteen Colonies. Later in the 19th century, German Jews began to immigrate, followed by those from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Jewish communities have been established in the state's larger cities, notably New Orleans and Baton Rouge.^[77][78] The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area. In 2000, before the 2005Hurricane Katrina, its population was about 12,000. Dominant Jewish movements in the state includeOrthodox andReform Judaism; Reform Judaism was the largest Jewish tradition in the state according to the Association of Religion Data Archives in 2020, representing some 5,891 Jews.^[76]

Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat)Judah P. Benjamin (1811–1884), who represented Louisiana in theU.S. Senate before theAmerican Civil War and then became theConfederate secretary of state; Democrat-turned-RepublicanMichael Hahn who was elected as governor, serving 1864–1865 when Louisiana was occupied by the Union Army, and later elected in 1884 as a U.S. congressman;^[79] DemocratAdolph Meyer (1842–1908),Confederate Army officer who represented the state in theU.S. House of Representatives from 1891 until his death in 1908;Republicansecretary of stateJay Dardenne (1954–), and Republican (Democrat before 2011)attorney generalBuddy Caldwell (1946–).

Other non-Christian and non-Jewish religions with a continuous, historical presence in the state have beenIslam,Buddhism, andHinduism. In theShreveport–Bossier City metropolitan area, Muslims made up an estimated 14% of Louisiana's total Muslim population as of 2014.^[80] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives estimated there were 24,732 Muslims living in the state.^[76] The largest Islamic denominations in the major metropolises of Louisiana wereSunni Islam,non-denominational Islam andQuranism,Shia Islam, and theNation of Islam.^[81]

Among Louisiana's irreligious community, 2% affiliated withatheism and 13% claimed no religion as of 2014; an estimated 10% of the state's population practiced nothing in particular at the 2014 study. According to the Public Religion Research Institute in 2020, 19% were religiously unaffiliated.^[73]

• Demographics of Louisiana
• Demographics of the United States by state

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