TheArtuqid dynasty (alternativelyArtukid,Ortoqid, orOrtokid;Old Anatolian Turkish:أرتقي بيليك,Turkish:Artuklu Beyliği, Artuklular,pl.Artukoğulları) was established in 1102 as aTurkish principality of theSeljuk Empire. It formed aTurkoman dynasty rooted in theOghuzDöğer tribe, and followed theSunni Muslim faith.[b][c] It ruled in NorthernSyria andUpper Mesopotamia in the eleventh through thirteenth centuries. The Artuqid dynasty took its name from its founder,Artuk Bey, who was a member of Döger branch of theOghuz Turks and ruled one of the Turkmen principalities of theSeljuk Empire. Artuk's sons and descendants ruled the three branches in the region:Sökmen's descendants ruled the region aroundHasankeyf between 1102 and 1231;Ilghazi's branch ruled fromMardin andMayyafariqin between 1106 and 1186 (until 1409 as vassals) andAleppo from 1117–1128; and theHarput line starting in 1112 under the Sökmen branch, and was independent between 1185 and 1233.
After pillaging theCounty of Edessa, Ilghazi made peace with the Crusaders. In 1121, he went north towardsArmenia with his son-in-lawMazyad Dubais II ibn Sadaqah and Sultan Malik ofGanja. Ilghazi invaded Georgia and was defeated byDavid IV of Georgia at theBattle of Didgori of 1121. Ilghazi died in 1122, and although his nephewBelek Ghazi nominally controlled Aleppo, the city was really controlled by ibn al-Khashshab. Ibn al-Kashshab was murdered byAssassins in 1125, and Aleppo fell under the control ofZengi,atabeg of Mosul, in 1128. After the death of Belek Ghazi, the Artuqids were split between Harput, Hasankeyf and Mardin. Sokman's sonRukn al-Dawla Dāʾūd, bey of Hasankeyf, died in 1144, and was succeeded by his sonKara Aslan. Kara Aslan allied withJoscelin II of Edessa against theZengids, and while Joscelin was away in 1144, Zengi recapturedEdessa, the first of theCrusader states to fall (seeSiege of Edessa). The Artuqids became vassals of the Zengids during the reign ofNur al-Din Zengi (r. 1146–1174),[d] supporting the Zengids at the battle of Artah in 1164.[10]
Kara Aslan's sonNūr al-Dīn Muḥammad allied with theAyyubid sultanSaladin againstKilij Arslan II,Seljuk sultan of Rûm, whose daughter had married Nur ad-Din Muhammad. In the peace settlement with Kilij Arslan II, Saladin gained control of the Artuqid territory, even though the Artuqids were still technically vassals ofMosul, which Saladin did not control.[5] The Seljuk Empire completely disintegrated soon after that in 1194.[5]
The Artuqid dynasty remained in nominal command of al-Jazira, but their power declined underAyyubid rule. TheHasankeyf branch conqueredDiyarbakır in 1198 and its center was moved here, but was demolished by the Ayyubids in 1231 when it attempted to form an alliance with theSeljuks. The Harput branch was destroyed by theSultanate of Rum due to following a slippery policy between theAyyubids andSeljuks. The Mardin branch survived for longer, but as a vassal of theAyyubids,Sultanate of Rûm,Il-Khanate,Timurids and theQara Qoyunlu.[5]Qara Arslan (r.1260–1292), ruler of Mardin, submitted to the MongolHulegu.[5]Qara Qoyunlu rulerQara Mahammad invadedMardin in 1384 and received the submission of its Artuqid ruler Majd al-Din Isa Al-Zahir (1376-1407). From this point onwards, the Artuqids operated as a vassal state of the Qara Qoyunlu. TheQara Qoyunlu captured Mardin and finally put an end to Artuqid rule in 1409.[5]
Despite their constant preoccupation with war, members of the Artuqid dynasty left many architectural monuments. Artuqid rulers commissioned many public buildings, such as mosques, bazaars, bridges, hospitals and baths for the benefit of their subjects. They left an important cultural heritage by contributing to literature and the art of metalworking.The door and door handles of the great Mosque of Cizre are unique examples of Artuqid metal working craftsmanship, which can be seen in theTurkish and Islamic Arts Museum in Istanbul, Turkey.
They made the most significant additions toDiyarbakır City Walls. Urfa Gate was rebuilt by Muhammad, son of Kara Arslan. In the same area of the western wall, south of Urfa Gate, two imposing towers,Ulu Beden andYedi Kardeş were commissioned in 1208 by the Artuqid ruler Nāṣir al-Dīn Maḥmūd who designed the Yedi Kardeş tower himself and apposed the Artuqid double-headed eagle on its walls.
The Great Mosques ofMardin andSilvan were possibly but in any case considerably developed over the 12th century by several Artuqid rulers on the basis of existing Seljuk edifices. The congregational mosque of Dunaysir (nowKızıltepe) was commissioned by Yülük Arslan (1184–1203) and completed after his death in 1204 by his brother Artuk Arslan (1203–1239).
Magic Mirror of Abu-l-Fadl Artuq Shah of Harput, ca. 1220–1230, David Collection. It is "representative of medieval Islamic examples of the “Chinese” type".[12]
Basin of Sultan Qara Arslan b. Il-Ghazi, Jazira, Syria, or Egypt, late 13th cen. (1289–1292) MIA, Doha.[13]
The Artuqid rulerNasr al-Din Mahmud (r. 1201–1222) is known to have commissioned an edition of theAl-Jāmi‘ fī ṣinā‘at al-ḥiyal ofIbn al-Razzaz al-Jazari, devoted to the depiction of mechanical devices, in April 1206 at the Artuqid court (Ahmet III 3472,Topkapı Sarayı Library).[17][18] The miniatures are thought to reflect various aspects of the Artuqid court at the time.[17]Ibn al-Razzaz al-Jazari was employed at the Artuqid court during the last quarter of the 12th century, and this is the earliest known manuscript of his opus.[18] Many of the figures in the manuscript wear the characteristic Turkic dress, with long coat and boots, and thesharbush headgear (of a special type seen only in Artuqid manuscripts, with a very tall cap behind the headplate and the limited usage of fur around the rim).[19]
The Mardin branch of the Artuqids ruled inMardin andMayyafariqin from 1101–1409 and were primarily descendants of Ilghazi and his brother Alp-Yaruq.
Turk seated facing with legs crossed, holding sword and crowned severed head, with legend to left "Nur al-Din Atabeg" (نور الدين اتا / بك), probably theZengid rulerNur al-Din Arslan Shah I, on a coin of the ArtuqidHusam al-Din Yuluq Arslan, dated AH 596 (1199–1200 CE).[f][g]Coinage ofArtuk Arslan. Dated 1237–1238 CE
The Artuqid branch that ruled Aleppo was an offshoot of the Mardin branch and included descendants of Ilghazi and his brothers Abd al-Jabar and Bahram ibn Artuk. See alsoRulers of Aleppo.
Artuqids coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".[5]
Crowned, bearded Byzantine-style bust, with clean-shavenFakhr al-Din Qara Arslan, Hisn Kayfa or Amid mint. Dated AH 559 (1163–1164 CE).
Coinage ofKara Arslan, dated AH 562 (1166–1167 CE). Artuqid coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".[5]
^"Society, language and culture in the age of the Seljuqs and their successors (...) The Turkish language did not spread beyond the nomads, the military elite, and the rulers. Instead, the Turkish elite increasingly came to be at home in Arabic and/or Persian. (...) In the Jazira and Syria, the Zangids and Artuqids used Arabic as their administrative and literary language, whereas Syriac (an Aramaic dialect) was favored among the Christian population and was also important as a medium for the transmission of scholarship books into Arabic."[1]
^The Artuqids, descendants of Artuq b. Ekseb, were a Turkmen dynasty established in Diyarbakr...[3]
^"Artuqids. Turkmen dynasty which reigned over...."[4]
^"The rise of the Zangids halted the Artuqids' expansionist plans, and they had to become vassals of Nur al-Din. Then the Ayyubids whittled their power down further, and they lost Hisn Kayfa, Amid and Mayyafariqin to them. In the early thirteenth century, they were for a time vassals of the Rum Seljuqs and of the Khwarazm Shah Jalal al-Dln Mengiibirti. Eventually, only the Mardin line survived, with Qara Arslan submitting to the Mongol II Khan Hulegu."[5]
^"But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg” featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized? He is not further identified on the coins, but the most logical candidate would appear to be Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (589—607 / 1193—1210), the only atabeg with thelaqab Nur al-Din known to have been active at that time. This identification was first advanced by Mitchiner in 1977 and was repeated by Hennequin in the Paris catalog."[26]
^"But who was the "Nur al-Din Atabeg” featured on the obverse side of most coins of this type, and why was he also recognized? He is Nur al-Din Arslan Shah I, the Zengid Atabeg of Mosul (1193–1210), which was discovered by Mitchiner in 1977. Why the Artuqid Yuluq Arslan of Mardin should put his rival's name on his coins is not altogether clear."[27]
Atbaş, Zeynep (1 August 2019).Artistic Aspects of Sultan Bayezid II's Book Treasury Collection: Extant Volumes Preserved at the Topkapı Palace Museum Library (Treasures of Knowledge: An Inventory of the Ottoman Palace Library (1502/3–1503/4) (2 vols)). Brill. p. 195.doi:10.1163/9789004402508_005.
Canby, Sheila R.; Beyazit, Deniz; Rugiadi, Martina; Peacock, A. C. S. (27 April 2016).Court and Cosmos: The Great Age of the Seljuqs. Metropolitan Museum of Art.ISBN978-1-58839-589-4.
Contadini, Anna (2012).A world of beasts: a thirteenth-century illustrated Arabic book on animals (the Kitāb Na't al-Ḥayawān) in the Ibn Bakhtīshū' tradition. Leiden Boston: Brill.ISBN978-90-04-20100-2.
Hillenbrand, Carole (1979).The History of the Jazīra 1100–1150: the contribution of Ibn Al-Azraq al-Fāriqī (PhD thesis). University of Edinburgh.hdl:1842/7341.
Hillenbrand, Carole (1990).A Muslim Principality in Crusader Times: The Early Artuqid State. Nederlands Historisch-Archaeologisch Instituut.ISBN9789062580668.
Hillenbrand, Carole (2019). "Artuqid dynasty". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection. Vol. 1: A-F. Bloomsbury.ISBN979-8216117292.
Holt, P.M. (1989),The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517, Longman
Whelan, Estelle (1988), "Representations of the Khassakiyah and the Origins of Mamluk Emblems", in Soucek, Priscilla (ed.),Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World, University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press
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![Magic Mirror of Abu-l-Fadl Artuq Shah of Harput, ca. 1220–1230, David Collection. It is "representative of medieval Islamic examples of the “Chinese” type".[12]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMagic_Mirror_of_Abu-l-Fadl_Artuq_Shah%2c_Eastern_Anatolia%2c_ca._1220-30%2c_David_Collection.jpg)
![Basin of Sultan Qara Arslan b. Il-Ghazi, Jazira, Syria, or Egypt, late 13th cen. (1289–1292) MIA, Doha.[13]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aBasin_of_Sultan_Qara_Arslan_b._Il-Ghazi%2c_Jazira%2c_Syria%2c_or_Egypt%2c_late_13th_cen._(1289-92)_MIA%2c_Doha.jpg)
!["Sign of Sagittarius" by al-Sufi in his book Ṣuwar al-kawākib al-thābita, Artuqid Mardin, 1131 CE (TSMK, A. 3493).[21]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3a%25E2%2580%259CSign_of_Sagittarius%25E2%2580%259D_by_al-Sufi_in_his_book_%25E1%25B9%25A2uwar_al-kaw%25C4%2581kib_al-th%25C4%2581bita%2c_calligrapher_Wathiq_b._%25CA%25BFAli_b._%25CA%25BFUmar_b._al-Husayn_al-ma%25CA%25BFr%25C5%25ABf_bi-Shawqi%2c_Artuqid_Mardin%2c_1131%2c_TSMK%2c_A._3493%2c_fol._91b._(Topkap%25C4%25B1_Palace_Museum_Library).jpg)
![Court scene. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).[17]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMechanical_boat_(court_scene)%2c_probably_Amid%2c_modern-day_Diyarbak%25C4%25B1r%2c_Turkey%2c_1206_(Ms._Ahmet_III_3472%2c_cleaned-up).jpg)
![Turkic figure. Amid, modern-day Diyarbakır, Turkey, 1206 (Ms. Ahmet III 3472).[17]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMechanical_male_servant%2c_probably_Amid%2c_modern-day_Diyarbak%25C4%25B1r%2c_Turkey%2c_1206_(Ms._Ahmet_III_3472%2c_fol._121v).jpg)
![A Jariya prostitute, in the Maqamat al-Hariri (Arabe 3929), also thought to belong to the same Artuqid school of painting.[22][20]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aArabe_3929%2c_151%2c_Jariya.jpg)
_Probably_Mardin_Dated_AH_611_(AD_1214-5)._Bareheaded_and_draped_male_bust_(Obverse).jpg)
_Obverse.jpg)
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_Hisn_Kayfa_or_Amid_mint._Dated_AH_559_(AD_1163-4)._Crowned%2c_bearded_Byzantine-style_bust_with_AH_date_around._Clean-shaven_half-length_figure_with_name_and_title_of_Qara_Arslan.jpg)
![Coinage of Kara Arslan, dated AH 562 (1166–1167 CE). Artuqid coinage was very figural, "with its apparent classical and Byzantine motifs and representations".[5]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=http%3a%2f%2fen.m.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aArtuqids_(Kayfa_%2526_Amid)._Fakhr_al-Din_Qara_Arslan_Dated_AH_562_(AD_1166-7)._Draped_half-length_facing_bust%3b_AH_date_to_right_and_left_Name_and_pedigree_of_Fakhr_al-Din_Qara_Arslan_in_four_lines.jpg)
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