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Arthur Friedenreich

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Brazilian footballer (1892–1969)

Arthur Friedenreich
Friedenreich withBrazil
Personal information
Date of birth(1892-07-18)18 July 1892
Place of birthSão Paulo, Brazil
Date of death6 September 1969(1969-09-06) (aged 77)
Place of deathSão Paulo, Brazil
Height1.70 m (5 ft 7 in)
PositionForward
Senior career*
YearsTeamApps(Gls)
1910Ypiranga1(0)
1911Germânia9(4)
1912Mackenzie College10(15)
1913–1917Ypiranga32(37)
1917–1929Paulistano185(230)
1930–1935São Paulo79(69)
Total317(355[1])
International career
1914–1925Brazil17(8)
* Club domestic league appearances and goals

Arthur Friedenreich (18 July 1892 – 6 September 1969) was a Brazilian professionalfootballer who played as aforward. He was nicknamedThe Tiger orGolden Foot.[2] He played for theBrazil national team and was a record nine timestop scorer of the state championship of São Paulo.[3][4] He is occasionally cited as one of theall-time top scorers in football history, although this is highly disputed.[2]

Early and personal life

[edit]
Young Friedenreich

Friedenreich was born inSão Paulo to Oscar Friedenreich, aGerman businessman whose fatherimmigrated to Brazil, and Mathilde, aBlack Brazilian teacher who has been described in various sources as both a former slave and a teacher.[4][5][2] Due to hisAfro-Brazilian origin, Friedenreich faced racial discrimination, though he was able to mitigate some of its effects thanks to his father's reputation and social standing.[2][5]

Friedenreich began playing football in early childhood, with strong support from his father, who helped shape his path to greatness.[2][5] Having started to play as a child, Friedenreich's talent was soon noticed by his father, who sent him to play forSC Germânia, a Brazilian football team composed of German immigrants.[2] During his youth, he improved his skills by watchingCharles Miller, who Friedenreich later described as "sort of my primary teacher in football", but it was withHermann Friese, a former German football champion, who taught him a "higher level of football".[6] At some point, Friedenreich married his wife, Jonas, and they had a son named Oscar, after Friedenreich’s father. Both outlived him, being left in financial hardship.[2]

Club career

[edit]

Golden years

[edit]
SPFC squad featuring Friedenreich in 1931

In his early career, Friedenreich played with several clubs, such asGermânia,Mackenzie, andYpiranga, until he found a long-lasting home withCA Paulistano, a top Brazilian club, with whom he played for 12 years, from 1917 until 1929, when the club was disbanded.[2] He was the top scorer in theCampeonato Paulista in 1912, 1914, 1917, 1918, 1919, 1921, 1927 and 1929.[7][8][3] In total, he scored 102 goals in 124 official matches, which results in a ratio of 0,82 goals per game, the second-highest among players with at least 50 matches for the club, only behindWaldemar de Brito's ratio of 1,09.[9] Notably, on 16 September 1928, he scored a 7-goal haul in a 9–0 trashing ofUnião Lapa, breaking the record for the most goals in a single Campeonato Paulista match at the time.[6]

Following the collapse of the amateur football system in São Paulo in 1929, Friedenreich and several former teammates from CA Paulistano founded the clubSão Paulo da Floresta (SPF) in 1930 to continue their careers in the changing football landscape.[2] In the mid-time, in early 1930, he briefly played forSantos, appearing in a total of 5 matches, making his debut on 9 February, in a friendly againstAtlético Tucumán, which ended in a 4–1 win.[10] On 27 December 1931, he scored a four-goal haul to help São Paulo to a 4–2 win overSão Bento in the1931 Campeonato Paulista, becoming, at the age of 39 years and 162 days, the oldest player ever to score a poker-trick, a record that has since been broken byJosef Bican in 1955, aged 41.[11] Like so many other natives of São Paulo, he enlisted in the São Paulo Army to fight in thePaulista War in 1932, where he rose from sergeant to lieutenant, commanding a division with several athletes.[12]

Later career

[edit]

On 12 March 1933, the 40-year-old Friedenreich started for SPF in the first professional football match in São Paulo, where Friedenreich scored the opening goal in a 4–1 win over his former club Santos.[2][13] As he grew older, he began to play less and less, only when São Paulo required his assistance, so he beganrefereeing matches, doing so with a shirt that the Paulista club had offered him, which was a white uniform with a "P" embroidered on the chest, right above the years "1918-1928", a reference to the time he spent at the club.[14] Likewise, on 5 November 1933, he visitedBelo Horizonte to referee a friendly match betweenAtlético Mineiro and Retiro-MG (Nova Lima); his performance was praised by the local press, with theEstado de Minas stating that "Fried stopped calling penalties", while theCorreio Mineiro described him as a "correct referee characterized by the strictest discipline".[14] Taking advantage of his visit, Atlético invented him to play one match for them, a friendly againstSiderúrgica three days later, which he accepted because he was friends with the team's coach; Atlético won 3–0.[14]Correio Mineiro stated that he "led his players excellently with mathematical passes".[14]

The adjectives that you see in the newspapers, such as "the consecrated champion", "El Tigre", "the greatest "crack" of all time", and many others, still do not say everything that can be said about Friedenreich.

Sylvio Lagreca on 4 July 1934, on the eve of Friedenreich's sporting jubilee.[15]

On 5 July 1934, theBrazilian Football Federation (CBF) helped sponsor and organize the commemorative program of Friedenreich's sporting jubilee (25-year career) inBrasília, which consisted, among other things, of two matches between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.[15] On the eve of this occasion, his former teammateSylvio Lagreca stated that he was "the greatest center forward we ever had", describing him as a footballer who "played more with his intelligence than with his feet, and therefore adapted to all the positions in which he was placed without saying a word".[15] Friedenreich played his last match for SPF on 24 March 1935, aged 42.[16] In that same year, he returned to Flamengo, for whom he had already played in 1917, and where he retired after refusing a contract renewal.[6]

According to theIFFHS, Friedenreich scored a total of 357 goals in Brazil's three strongest leagues (National,Carioca,Paulista), which makes him the fifth highest goalscorer in that criteria, only behindZico (374),Romário (387),Roberto Dinamite (474), andPelé (567).[17] All of those 357 goals were scored at Campeonato Paulista, where he still is the second-highest goalscorer, only behind Pelé, who surpassed by more over a century of goals (466).[18]

International career

[edit]

Brazil

[edit]

Friedenreich made his debut for theBrazilian national team in theirfirst-ever official match in 1914, beatingExeter City 2–0.[2][4] In the game, Friedenreich lost two of his front teeth due to a heavy slide tackle.[4] He went to play 17 matches with Brazil, scoring 8 goals and winning theSouth American Championship in1919 and1922.[5][19] In the opening match of the former tournament, he netted a hat-trick to help his side to a 6–0 win overChile, becoming the first-ever footballer to score a hat-trick in a major international tournament.[20] A few days later, on 29 May, he started in thedecisive match of the tournament againstUruguay, scoring the match-winning goal that allowed Brazil to win its first international title in the 122nd minute, the latest goal in Copa América history, a record that will likely stand forever due to the current rules.[21]

Friedenreich was a member of the Brazil team that competed in the1925 South American Championship, scoring once against in a 5–2 win overParaguay on 6 December, and another one in a 2–2 draw against the eventual championsArgentina onChristmas Day.[22] In doing so at the age of 33 years and 160 days, he became the oldest-ever goalscorer in the then short history of Copa America.[23] Friedenreich was not picked by Brazil for the1930 FIFA World Cup because of a clash between the Rio and São Paulo state football federations that saw only players from Rio travelling to the competition.[5] According to official statistics from the CBF, he scored ten goals in 23 official matches for Brazil.[6]

São Paulo

[edit]

During the 1910s and 1920s, Friedenreich also played several matches for theSão Paulo state team; for instance, in 1912 and 1913, he started in four matches againstan unofficial Argentine national side, scoring once.[24] The following year, in August 1914, Friedenreich started for both aYpiranga/AA São Bento XI and aAPEA League XI in two matches against Italian clubPro Vercelli, scoring in both.[25] During a Paulistano tour of Europe in 1925, Friedenreich scored 12 goals to help his side win 9 out of 10 matches, notably scoring a hat-trick in a 7–2 trashing of France on 15 March, after which he began being calledLe roi du football ("The King of Football").[13][16][26] He is widely regarded as the greatest Brazilian football player of the amateur era, as well as the biggest name in Brazilian football until the emergence ofLeônidas da Silva.[6][10][16]

Style of play

[edit]

Friedenreich was often described as a pioneer ofjogo bonito, or "the beautiful game," a style that emphasized rapid play with short passes, quick touches, and fluid combinations. It also involved frequent long-range shots and attacks led by two or three fast-paced forwards to disorient the defense. Despite his relatively short stature (5 ft 7 in), Friedenreich was known for his speed, strength, and exceptional technical dribbling.[27]

After football

[edit]

Despite his status as one of Brazil’s most renowned early footballers, Friedenreich did not transition into coaching or other roles within the football world after retiring.[5] Instead, his post-football life was marked by financial hardship, and he received little support from the football institutions he had once represented.[4][5] Both his wife and son, who outlived him, were also left in poverty.[4] His decline into obscurity reflected a broader pattern in which former amateur-era players were forgotten in Brazil’s new, professional football era.[2][5]

Posthumous tributes

[edit]

Friedenreich has been the subject of posthumous tributes in his hometown ofSão Paulo, which named several places and buildings after him, such as a street and a park on the east side of the city, as well as a school located within the sports complex of theMaracanã Stadium.[10][28] In 1999,IFFHS named him the fifth greatest Brazilian Player of the 20th Century, only behindZizinho, Zico,Garrincha, and Pelé.[29]

Discrimination and race in Brazilian football

[edit]

Friedenreich was subject to the racial prejudices of his era.[2][4] Although his upbringing in a middle-class German family allowed him access to elite football clubs and shielded him from certain forms of social exclusion, his identity as a man of colour still marked him, in the eyes of many, as emblematic of poverty.[2] As a result, he encountered racial bias even within the same elite spaces.[2] To counter this, he felt compelled to constantly assert his belonging to the upper class, adopting "whitening" practices like using hot towels or gel to straighten his hair.[2][4]

Controversy in the number of goals

[edit]

Due to a lack of documentation, the exact number of goals that Friedenreich scored is unknown. His former teammate Mario de Andrade compiled his goalscoring record, reaching the number of 1,239 goals, which he showed to journalistDe Vaney [pt], in hopes that he would register this tally in FIFA and the CBD;[30] however, Andrade kept the papers for one last revision, so when he died a few days later, De Vaney attempted to recover them, but the papers were never found again because Andrade's family, uninterested in football, thought they were useless and threw them in the trash.[30] His goalscoring record thus mysteriously vanished in the mid-1960s during a time when Friedenreich himself hadAlzheimer's disease.[4] Despite having no proof, De Vaney published Friedenreich's goalscoring record (1,239) in the newspaperTribuna de Santos.[30]

When writingOs Gigantes do Futebol Brasileiro ("The Giants of Brazilian Football"), published in Rio de Janeiro in 1965,João Maximo based Friedenreich's numbers on De Vaney's research, but erroneously recorded 1,329, instead of 1,239.[30][31] This tally is 48 goals higher thanPelé'sGuinness World Record of 1,281 goals, which caused him to be occasionally cited as one of the all-time top scorers in football history.[30][31] For instance,Richard Henshaw wrote in theEncyclopedia of World Soccer that Friedenreich was "the greatest goalscorer in the history of football, with 1,329 goals",[30] and even Guinness itself acknowledged this number by stating that he "scored an undocumented 1,329 goals".[32][33] The media also said for years that he had never missed a singlepenalty in over 500 attempts, which is certain to be untrue, given that some records indicate that he wasted at least 12 penalties.[6] Below are the reported numbers of goals scored between 1909 and 1935 according to different sources:

  • 1,329 goals in 1,239 matches – according to journalists João Maximo and Marcos de Castro in the bookGigantes do futebol brasileiro (2011)[30][31][34]
  • 1,239 goals in 1,329 matches – according to research by his former teammate Mario de Andrade and journalistDe Vaney [pt][30]
  • 595 goals in 605 matches – according to the Centro de Referência do Futebol Brasileiro[31]
  • 558 goals in 562 matches – according to journalists Orlando Duarte and Severino Filho in the bookFried versus Pelé (2000)[35][36]
  • 557 goals in 562 matches – according toRSSSF[37]
  • 554 goals in 561 matches – according to journalist Alexandre da Costa in the bookO Tigre do futebol: uma viagem nos tempos de Artur Friedenreich[35][38]
  • 357 goals in 323 matches[a] – according toIFFHS[18]
  1. ^Goals in theCampeonato Paulista.

Career statistics

[edit]

Goals for Brazil main team

[edit]
Scores and results list Brazil's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Friedenreich goal.
List of international goals scored by Arthur Friedenreich
No.DateVenueOpponentScoreResultCompetitionRef.
112 July 1916Estadio GEBA, Buenos Aires Uruguay1–01–21916 South American Championship
211 May 1919Estádio de Laranjeiras,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Chile1–06–01919 South American Championship
33–0
46–0
529 May 1919Estádio de Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Uruguay1–01–01919 South American Championship play-off
66 December 1925Estadio Sportivo Barracas,Buenos Aires, Argentina Paraguay2–05–21925 South American Championship
725 December 1925Estadio Sportivo Barracas, Buenos Aires, Argentina Argentina1–02–2 1925 South American Championship
81 August 1930Estádio de Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil France2–23–2Friendly

Goals for São Paulo state team

[edit]
Scores and results list São Paulo's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Friedenreich goal.
List of international goals scored by Arthur Friedenreich
No.DateVenueOpponentScoreResultCompetitionRef.
18 September 1912Velódromo Paulistano,São Paulo, Brazil Argentina1–13–6Friendly
213 August 1914Parque Antártica, São Paulo, BrazilItalyPro Vercelli2–1Friendly
37 November 1915Velódromo Paulistano, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro8–0Taça Rio-São Paulo de Seleções
4
513 August 1916Velódromo Paulistano, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro5–0Taça Rio-São Paulo de Seleções
6
7
814 January 1917Velódromo Paulistano, São Paulo, BrazilUruguayDublin1–41–5Friendly
915 November 1917Parque Antártica, São Paulo, BrazilBrazilPalestra Itália-SP7–0Friendly
10
1125 December 1917Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro9–1Friendly
12
13
14
15
162 June 1918Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro4–2Friendly
17
184 August 1918Estádio de Laranjeiras,Rio de Janeiro, BrazilRio de Janeiro2–3Friendly
191 September 1918Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro8–1Friendly
20
21
2212 October 1918Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro1–05–0Friendly
2315 June 1919Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilRio de Janeiro1–13–1Taça Füchs
243–1
253 June 1920Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilBrazilPalestra Itália-SP1–2Friendly
266 June 1920Estádio de Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro1–17–1Taça Rodrigues Alves
273–1
285–1
2913 June 1920Arena da Baixada,Curitiba, BrazilParaná (state) Paraná2–08–1Taça Afonso Camargo
303–0
314–0
326–1
3314 June 1920Arena da Baixada, Curitiba, BrazilBrazilBritânia10–0Friendly
34
35
36
377 September 1920Parque Antártica, São Paulo, BrazilParaná (state) Paraná6–1Taça Afonso Camargo
38
3914 August 1921Parque da Graciosa, Curitiba, BrazilParaná (state) Paraná2–02–1Taça Afonso Camargo
4014 July 1922Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilParaná (state) Paraná8–3Taça Afonso Camargo
4123 July 1922Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilMinas Gerais Minas Gerais13–0Brasileiro de Seleções
42
43
442 August 1922Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilRio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul4–2Brasileiro de Seleções
45
466 August 1922Parque Antártica, São Paulo, Brazil Bahia3–0Brasileiro de Seleções
4713 August 1922Estádio General Severiano, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Bahia2–04–1Brasileiro de Seleções
484–1
4927 August 1922Estádio General Severiano, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro2–12–1Friendly
504 October 1923Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilBrazilGuarani5–2Friendly
51
52
53
547 October 1923Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilParaná (state) Paraná5–1Brasileiro de Seleções
55
562 August 1925Parque Antártica, São Paulo, BrazilRio Grande do Sul Rio Grande do Sul4–0Brasileiro de Seleções
576 September 1925Estádio de Laranjeiras, Rio de Janeiro, BrazilPará Pará2–03–0Brasileiro de Seleções
583–0
5931 October 1926Vila Belmiro Stadium,Santos, BrazilBrazilSantos7–1Friendly
6014 November 1926Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilArgentinaAsociación Amateurs de Football1–2Friendly
6125 March 1928Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, Brazil Rio de Janeiro9–1Taça Castelões
62
63
6420 January 1929Campo do Independência, São Paulo, Brazil Rio de Janeiro6–2Friendly
653 May 1929Estádio da Ponte Grande, São Paulo, Brazil Rio de Janeiro1–14–1Friendly
662–1
674–1
6823 June 1929Rua José do Patrocínio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio de Janeiro3–4Friendly
6913 October 1929Estádio da Ponte Grande, São Paulo, Brazil Rio de Janeiro5–3Taça Júlio Prestes
7026 March 1930Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilBrazilInternacional-SP4–2Friendly
7128 March 1930Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilArgentinaSportivo Buenos Aires7–08–1Friendly
7219 June 1930Parque Antártica, São Paulo, BrazilUnited StatesNew York Hakoah1–03–1Friendly
7316 July 1931Estádio da Ponte Grande, São Paulo, BrazilBrazilInternacional-SP3–2Friendly
742 August 1931Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilBrazilSantos3–19–1Friendly
756–1
767–1
778–1
7816 August 1931Chácara da Floresta, São Paulo, BrazilPernambuco Pernambuco11–3Brasileiro de Seleções
79
8030 August 1931Parque São Jorge, São Paulo, Brazil Rio de Janeiro2–03–0Brasileiro de Seleções
813–0

Honours

[edit]

Paulistano

São Paulo

São Paulo state team

Brazil

Individual

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^https://futebol80.com.br/links/artilheiros/friedenreich.htm
  2. ^abcdefghijklmnopCuri, Martin (2014). "Arthur Friedenreich (1892–1969): a Brazilian biography".Soccer & Society.15 (1):19–28.doi:10.1080/14660970.2013.854540.S2CID 161369990.
  3. ^abc"Campeonato Paulista: Artilheiros da história".Folha Online. 17 January 2008.Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved22 May 2025.
  4. ^abcdefghi"Profiles Of The Great and Good: Arthur Friedenreich: The Original "Black" Pearl".Bleacher Report. 17 June 2018.Archived from the original on 16 May 2024. Retrieved22 May 2025.
  5. ^abcdefghiLaw, Joshua (18 November 2016)."Remembering Arthur Friedenreich, Brazil's first football superstar".These Football Times.Archived from the original on 29 April 2021. Retrieved28 May 2025.
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  51. ^ab"Campeonato Paulista de Futbol (1902 - 1924) Part 2".IFFHS. 23 May 2020. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  52. ^"Maior goleada da história do Campeonato Paulista completa 100 anos".Futebol Interior (in Brazilian Portuguese). 16 May 2020. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  53. ^"Friedenreich".Museu do Futebol (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved28 June 2025.
  54. ^Caldas, José Ricardo; Almeida (31 May 2020)."Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções - 1922".RSSSF Brasil. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  55. ^Galves Moreira, Marcos (10 August 2003)."1º Campeonato Brasileiro de Seleções Estaduais-1923". RSSSF Brasil. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  56. ^Ciullini, Pablo (9 June 2021)."Copa Roca - Match Details".RSSSF. Retrieved30 June 2025.
  57. ^abTabeira, Martín (19 July 2007)."The Copa América Archive - Trivia".RSSSF. Retrieved30 June 2025.

External links

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1 Messi was given the 2015 award, but rejected it. Argentina's staff was to receive the award.
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