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.jpg) Artist's impression of an Ares V duringsolid rocket booster separation | |
| Function | Cargo Launch Vehicle |
|---|---|
| Country of origin | United States |
| Size | |
| Height | 116 m (381 ft) or 109 m (358 ft) |
| Diameter | 10 m (33 ft) or 8.4 m (28 ft) |
| Mass | 3,700,000 kilograms (8,200,000 lb) RS-68 variant[1] |
| Stages | 2 |
| Capacity | |
| Payload toLEO | |
| Mass | 188,000 kg (414,000 lb)[2] |
| Payload toTLI | |
| Mass | 71,100 kg (156,700 lb) or 60,600 kg (133,600 lb) |
| Launch history | |
| Status | Canceled |
| Launch sites | Kennedy,LC-39A (planned) |
| Boosters | |
| No. boosters | 2 ×five-segment Solid Rocket Boosters |
| Height | 54 m (177 ft) |
| Diameter | 3.7 m (12 ft) |
| Propellant | APCP |
| First stage | |
| Empty mass | 140,000 kg (310,000 lb) |
| Gross mass | 1,914,000 kg (4,220,000 lb) |
| Powered by | |
| Maximum thrust |
|
| Propellant | LH2 /LOX |
| Second stage –Earth Departure Stage | |
| Powered by | 1 or 2 ×J-2X |
| Propellant | LH2 /LOX |
TheAres V (formerly known as theCargo Launch Vehicle orCaLV) was the planned cargo launch component of the cancelledNASAConstellation program, which was to have replaced theSpace Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also intended to carry supplies for a human presence onMars.[4] Ares V and the smallerAres I were named afterAres, the Greek god of war.
The Ares V was to launch theEarth Departure Stage andAltair lunar lander for NASA's return to theMoon, which was planned for 2019.[5] It would also have served as the principal launcher for missions beyond the Earth-Moon system, including the program's ultimate goal, a crewed mission to Mars. The uncrewed Ares V would complement the smaller andhuman-ratedAres I rocket for the launching of the 4–6 personOrion spacecraft. Both rockets, deemed safer than the then-current Space Shuttle, would have employed technologies developed for theApollo program, the Shuttle program, and theDelta IVEELV program.[6] However, the Constellation program, including Ares V and Ares I, was canceled in October 2010 by theNASA Authorization Act of 2010. In September 2011, NASA detailed theSpace Launch System as its new vehicle for human exploration beyond Earth's orbit,[7] while commercial space companies would provide low Earth orbit access for both cargo and astronauts.
In the 1996 bookThe Case for Mars, authorRobert Zubrin discussed a possible future heavy launch vehicle namedAres. In the book, the rocket would have consisted of theSpace Shuttle external tank powered by fourSpace Shuttle Main Engines (SSMEs) and a second stage powered by anRL-10 engine. One notable difference in the Zubrinet al. design is that the SSMEs were on a small side-mounted flyback craft. This design was meant to allow the Ares to fly using existing Space Shuttle infrastructure.[8]
Ares V was to be the cargo launch component of theConstellation program. Unlike theSaturn V andSpace Shuttle, where the crew and cargo were launched together on the same rocket, Project Constellation planned to use two separate launch vehicles, the Ares I and the Ares V, for crew and cargo respectively. This configuration would have allowed the two launch vehicles to be optimized for their respective missions. Constellation therefore combined theLunar Orbit Rendezvous used by Apollo with theEarth Orbit Rendezvous mode proposed by Dr.Wernher von Braun (alongside the "Direct Ascent" proposal) during the early planning stages of Apollo.
Development of the rocket and its Earth departure stage was led by NASA'sMarshall Space Flight Center. NASA'sAmes Research Center was responsible for the Ares V integrated health management system and for developing its payload shroud.Glenn Research Center led the development of the lunar lander ascent stage as well as Ares V power system, thrust vector control system and payload shroud.Langley Research Center had a lead role in researching Ares V aerodynamics.[9]
In 2007, NASA announced thatAlliant Techsystems would be the contractor for the SRBs of both Ares I and Ares V.[10]
Although the Ares V was a medium- to long-term project, NASA planned to deploy its lift capability in a range of projects,[11] along the lines of the formerApollo Applications Program.
One proposal was to build an 8- to 16-meterAdvanced Technology Large-Aperture Space Telescope[12] to be placed in the Sun/EarthL2 point. It would be a significant increase in dimension and performance over theHubble Space Telescope and the Ares V vehicle was expected to carry this to its destination in a single launch.[citation needed] FutureAres V missions could also have served as a cost-effective, mass transport of construction materials for futurespacecraft andmissions, deliveringraw materials, for example, to a Moondock.[citation needed]
In May 2010, NASA planned flight demonstrations of Ares V hardware along with Ares I hardware after the scheduled upcoming Ares I-X Prime test of the Ares I five-segment SRB first stage. Several flights were listed as "Heavy Lift" test flights for testing the first stage of the Ares V simultaneously with the Ares I upper stage attached on top of the Ares V first stage. This would save both time and money in avoiding the gap between testing Ares I and Ares V hardware with limited funding.[13]
TheAugustine Commission concluded that "under the FY 2010 funding profile, the Committee estimates that Ares V will not be available until the late 2020s".[14] Even if NASA had been given a $3 billion increase in funding and the ISS had been retired in 2015, the committee still believed that the Ares V would not be ready until the mid-2020s.[15]
On February 1, 2010, PresidentBarack Obama announced a proposal to cancel the Constellation program effective with the U.S. 2011 fiscal year budget,[16] but later announced changes to the proposal in amajor space policy speech at Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010. In October 2010, theNASA Authorization Act of 2010 was signed into law, which canceled Constellation.[17] However, previous legislation kept Constellation contracts in force until a new funding bill was passed for 2011.[18][19] Due to previous legislative obligations, $500 million was to be paid to contractors after the program's cancellation until March 2011.[20]
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The successor to the Ares rocket family is theSpace Launch System, a more versatile vehicle designed to launch both crew and cargo, similar to the Ares IV concept. It has a payload range of 95-130 tons to LEO across its different variants. The SLS is similar to earlier Ares V designs in that it uses a stretched 8.4–meter external tank and is powered by 4RS-25s. Initial designs for the SLS used the same Earth Departure Stage but development was put on hold with the 4-RL-10Exploration Upper Stage taking its place. Both vehicles make use of the same 5–segment SRBs, although the SLS will not recover them. Under the Artemis program, the vehicle will transport crew to the Moon in theOrion spacecraft as well as logistics equipment and cargo for surface missions. They will rendezvous with a separate lunar lander either docked to theLunar Gateway, a lunar orbital station, orfree flying in lunar orbit. The SLS Block 1B version is capable of Earth orbital rendezvous lunar mission profiles such as that of the Ares V, lunar orbital rendezvous such as what NASA is currently pursuing, and integrated lunar missions such as the Apollo missions using the Saturn V, which has been proposed under a new House of Representatives bill.[21][22][23][24][25]
The Ares V was intended as a heavy launch vehicle to send large hardware and materials to the Moon, or to send supplies beyond Earth orbit to sustain human presence there.[3] The Ares V was designed to be a three-stage rocket: the first and second stages, which burn together, were to use both solid and liquid propulsion with the upper stage providing the necessary propulsion to send the hardware and staples beyondlow Earth orbit and onto a trajectory to the Moon.
Ares V underwent a preliminary design review after the results of the 2009 Augustine Commission.[26] Like the Space Shuttle, the Ares vehicle was to use a pair of solid-fuel first-stage rocket boosters that burn simultaneously with the liquid-fueled core stage. The solid rocket booster on Ares V was first envisioned as an improved version of theSpace Shuttle Solid Rocket Booster, but with five or five and a half segments instead of the four segments used with the Space Shuttle.[3][27][28] The liquid-fueled core stage was to be derived from theSpace Shuttle external tank and was to use either five or sixRS-68B engines attached to the bottom of a new 10 m diameter tank, or fiveSSMEs attached to the bottom of a stretched version of the Space Shuttle's 8.4 m external tank. It was to be fueled by liquid oxygen (LOX) and liquid hydrogen (LH2).[29]
The upper stage, derived from theS-IVB upper stage used on theSaturn IB andSaturn V rockets, was named the Earth Departure Stage (EDS). The EDS would be powered by an Apollo-derivedJ-2X rocket engine, which was also to be used on the liquid-fueled upper stage of theAres I booster. The EDS was to be used to steer theAltair lunar lander into its initial low Earth "parking" orbit for later retrieval by theOrion spacecraft, and then would propel both the Altair and Orion to the Moon.[3] The EDS could also have been used to take large payloads into low Earth orbit, along with placing large uncrewed spacecraft onto trajectories beyond the Earth-Moon system.
The Ares V was designed to have a payload capacity of over 414,000 lb (188metric tons) toLow Earth orbit (LEO), and 157,000 lb (71 metric tons) to the Moon.[3] Upon completion the Ares V would be the most powerful rocket ever built, lifting more into orbit than even the American Saturn V, the failedSovietN-1 for the canceledSoviet Moonshot, and the successful Soviet/RussianEnergia booster developed for theBuran Shuttle.[30] Besides its lunar role,[3] it could also support a crewed Orion expedition to aNear-Earth asteroid, and could boost an 8 to 16-meter successor of theHubble Space Telescope to theSun-EarthL2 point.
The Ares IV concept combines an Ares I upper stage on top of an Ares V.[31] Specifically, the vehicle would consist of the liquid-fueled core stage from the Ares V design, two five-segmentsolid rocket boosters, and the liquid-fueled upper stage from the Ares I, as described by NASA in January 2007. The Ares IV would be a combined 367 ft (112 m) tall and could be used to reach the Moon. Total payload capacity would be 90,420 lb (41,000 kg) to 240 miles (390 km) for direct trans-lunar injection.[32]
NASA had considered using Ares IV to evaluate high-speed "skip" reentry profiles of the Orion capsule in 2007.[33] NASA had planned flight demonstrations of Ares I and Ares V hardware in "Heavy Lift" configurations beginning in 2013. The "Heavy Lift" test flights were to test the first stage of the Ares V simultaneously with the Ares I upper stage attached on top to save both time and money. The later Heavy Lift test vehicle configurations are similar to the Ares IV vehicle.[34]
Ares V Lite was an alternative launch vehicle for NASA's Constellation program suggested by theAugustine Commission. Ares V Lite was a scaled down Ares V.[35][36] It would have used fiveRS-68 engines and two five-segment SRBs and have had a low Earth orbit payload of approximately 140 metric tons (309,000 lb).[37] If chosen, Ares V Lite would have replaced the Ares V andAres I launchers. One Ares V Lite version would have been a cargo lifter like Ares V and the second version would have carried astronauts in the Orion spacecraft.[37]
The Japanese mangaSpace Brothers depicts the Ares V rocket being used to launch missions to the Moon.[38][39]
In the 2013 filmStar Trek Into Darkness, a desktop model of the Ares V rocket was set decoration in the office of Admiral Alexander Marcus as part of his spaceflight collection.[40]
This article incorporatespublic domain material from websites or documents of theNational Aeronautics and Space Administration.
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