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Apalone

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Genus of turtles

Apalone Temporal range: LateMiocene - recent,12–0 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N PossibleEocene andLate Cretaceous occurrence

Spiny softshell turtle,Apalone spinifera
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Family:	Trionychidae
Subfamily:	Trionychinae
Genus:	Apalone Rafinesque, 1832
Species
3 recognized species, see article.
Synonyms
MesodecaRafinesque, 1832 PlatypeltisFitzinger, 1835 GlalypeltisCope, 1860 (ex errore) CalliniaGray, 1869 EuamydaStejneger, 1944 PlatyrettisKirsch, 1944 (ex errore)^[1]

Apalone is agenus ofturtles in thefamily Trionychidae. The threespecies ofApalone are native to freshwater habitats in North America; they are the only livingsoftshell turtles from the Americas (other American softshell turtles are only known from fossil remains).^[2]

Geographic range

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MostApalone species are restricted to theUnited States, though the range of the spiny softshell,A. spinifera, extends into southernCanada and northernMexico.

Fossil evidence suggests thatApalone may have reached as far south asCosta Rica during thePliocene.^[2]

Taxonomy

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Apalone is a fairly new classification, resurrected by Meylan in 1987,^[3] assigned to North American species of the genusTrionyx. They are still listed asTrionyx in some texts. (Trionyx now refers specifically to certain softshell species found mainly in Africa.)

Molecular phylogenetic studies generally suggest thatApalone is most closely related to the highly endangered Asian genusRafetus, with the two genera most likely diverging during theLate Eocene. The ancestralApalone most likely crossed from Asia into North America viaBeringia, taking advantage of the warm climate during the Eocene.^[4]^[5]

Species

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The following three species are recognized as being valid.^[6]

Apalone ferox(Schneider, 1783) – Florida softshell turtle -South Carolina,Georgia,Florida, andAlabama
Apalone mutica(Lesueur, 1827) – smooth softshell turtle -United States, east of theRocky Mountains
Apalone spinifera(Lesueur, 1827) – spiny softshell turtle -Canada (southernOntario andQuebec), most of the United States, and northeasternMexico.

Nota bene: Abinomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other thanApalone.

Fossil taxa

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One definitive fossil species is also known,A. amorenseValdes, Bourque & Vitek, 2017 from the lateMiocene (lateClarendonian) of Florida (Alachua Formation).^[7]

In addition, two other potential fossil species, generally placed in "Trionyx"sensu lato, may belong toApalone:Apalone latus(Gilmore, 1919) from theCampanian-agedDinosaur Park Formation ofAlberta, Canada andApalone leucopotamica(Cope, 1891) from the lateEocene-agedCypress Hills Formation ofSaskatchewan. These two species are much older than any other remains assigned toApalone, and even predate the presumed divergence of the genus based on molecular phylogenies. However, none of these have been rigorously tested, and the placement of these genera withinApalone may just be a result ofhomoplasy.^[2]^[7]

Sexual dimorphism

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Turtles of the genusApalone exhibit markedsexual dimorphism. In carapace length, females grow to about twice the size of males. In males, the claws on the front feet are longer than those on the back feet, but in females, the claws on the back feet are longer. In males, the stout tail extends well beyond the posterior edge of the carapace, but in females, the relatively thinner tail barely reaches the edge of the carapace.^[8]

Behavior

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Apalone turtles are fast swimmers that chase down their prey in water. They feed mainly on fish. They also like the comfort of sand as their bedding.

References

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^Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007).Checklist of Chelonians of the World. Dresden: Museum für Tierkunde Dresden.
^^a ^b ^cVitek, Natasha S.; Joyce, Walter G. (2015). "A Review of the Fossil Record of New World Turtles of the Clade Pan-Trionychidae".Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History.56 (2):185–244.doi:10.3374/014.056.0204.ISSN 0079-032X.S2CID 86006102.
^Meylan PA (1987). "The phylogenetic relationships of soft-shelled turtles (family Trionychidae)".Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist.186: 1-101.
^Le, Minh; Duong, Ha T.; Dinh, Long D.; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Pritchard, Peter C. H.; McCormack, Timothy (2014-09-01)."A phylogeny of softshell turtles (Testudines: Trionychidae) with reference to the taxonomic status of the critically endangered, giant softshell turtle, Rafetus swinhoei".Organisms Diversity & Evolution.14 (3):279–293.Bibcode:2014ODivE..14..279L.doi:10.1007/s13127-014-0169-3.ISSN 1618-1077.
^Thomson, Robert C.; Spinks, Phillip Q.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2021-02-16)."A global phylogeny of turtles reveals a burst of climate-associated diversification on continental margins".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.118 (7) e2012215118.Bibcode:2021PNAS..11812215T.doi:10.1073/pnas.2012215118.PMC 7896334.PMID 33558231.
^"Apalone ". TheReptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
^^a ^bValdes, Natalí; Bourque, Jason; Vitek, Natasha (2017-10-08)."A new soft-shelled turtle (Trionychidae, Apalone) from the Late Miocene of north-central Florida".Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History.55 (6):117–138.doi:10.58782/flmnh.mclw7941.ISSN 2373-9991.
^Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982).Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp.ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (SOFTSHELL TURTLES—family Trionychidae, p. 30).

External links

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GenusApolone atThe Reptile Database
Tortoise.orgApalone entry
Spiny Softshell Turtle -Apalone spinifera Species account from the Iowa Reptile and Amphibian Field Guide

Trionychidae family

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Subclass:Anapsida
Order:Testudines
Superfamily:Trionychia

Genera

Species of theTrionychidae family

Amyda

Apalone

†Axestemys

Chitra

Cyclanorbis

Cycloderma

Dogania

Malayan softshell turtle

†Gilmoremys

†Gilmoremys gettyspherensis
†Gilmoremys lancensis

†Hutchemys

†Khunnuchelys

Lissemys

Nilssonia

†Palaeoamyda

†Palaeoamyda messeliana

Palea

Wattle-necked softshell turtle

Pelochelys

Pelodiscus

Rafetus

Trionyx

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onturtles of the world 2017 update: Annotated checklist and atlas of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution, and conservation status. †=extinct.

Testudines

Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Reptilia
Clade:Diapsida
Order:Testudines

Genus

Chelonioidea
(Sea turtles)

Cheloniidae	†Allopleuron Caretta †Carolinochelys Chelonia †Eochelone Eretmochelys †Gigantatypus †Glarichelys †Itilochelys Lepidochelys †Mexichelys †Miocaretta Natator †Pacifichelys †Syllomus †Tasbacka
Dermochelyidae	†Arabemys †Corsochelys †Cosmochelys Dermochelys †Eosphargis †Mesodermochelys †Psephophorus
	†Euclastes †Peritresius †Procolpochelys †Protosphargis †Puppigerus

Kinosternoidea

Dermatemydidae	Dermatemys
Kinosternidae	Claudius †Hoplochelys Kinosternon Staurotypus Sternotherus

Testudinoidea

Emydidae	†Acherontemys Chrysemys Clemmys Deirochelys Emys Actinemys Emydoidea Glyptemys Graptemys Malaclemys Pseudemys Terrapene Trachemys †Wilburemys
Geoemydidae	Batagur †Banhxeochelys Cuora Cyclemys Geoclemys Geoemyda Hardella Heosemys Leucocephalon Malayemys Mauremys Melanochelys Morenia Notochelys Orlitia Pangshura Rhinoclemmys Sacalia Siebenrockiella Vijayachelys
Platysternidae	Platysternon
Testudinidae	Aldabrachelys Astrochelys Centrochelys Chelonoidis Chersina Cylindraspis †Cymatholcus †Floridemys Geochelone Gopherus †Hadrianus †Hesperotestudo Homopus Indotestudo Kinixys Malacochersus Manouria †Megalochelys †Oligopherus Psammobates Pyxis †Solitudo Stigmochelys †Stylemys Testudo

Trionychia

Carettochelyidae	†Allaeochelys †Anosteira Carettochelys
Trionychidae	Amyda Apalone †Axestemys Chitra Cyclanorbis Cycloderma †Drazinderetes Dogania †Gilmoremys †Hutchemys †Khunnuchelys Lissemys Nilssonia Palea †Palaeoamyda Pelochelys Pelodiscus Rafetus Trionyx
	†Basilochelys †Sinaspideretes

Chelydridae	Chelydra †Chelydrops †Chelydropsis †Emarginachelys †Macrocephalochelys Macrochelys †Planiplastron †Protochelydra
†Nanhsiungchelyidae	†Anomalochelys †Basilemys †Jiangxichelys
†Protostegidae	†Alienochelys †Archelon †Atlantochelys †Bouliachelys †Calcarichelys †Cratochelone †Desmatochelys †Iserosaurus †Notochelone †Ocepechelon †Pneumatoarthrus †Protostega †Rhinochelys †Santanachelys †Terlinguachelys
	†Adocus †Argillochelys †Bashuchelys †Ctenochelys †Prionochelys †Toxochelys

Pleurodira

†Araripemydidae	†Araripemys
†Bothremydidae	†Araiochelys †Arenila †Azabbaremys †Bothremys †Cearachelys †Chedighaii †Chupacabrachelys †Eotaphrosphys †Foxemys †Galianemys †Ilatardia †Inaechelys †Itapecuruemys †Jainemys †Kinkonychelys †Kurmademys †Labrostochelys †Nigeremys †Phosphatochelys †Polysternon †Puentemys †Rosasia †Rhothonemys †Sankuchemys †Taphrosphys †Ummulisani †Zolhafah
Chelidae	Acanthochelys Chelodina Chelus Elseya Elusor Emydura Hydromedusa †Lomalatachelys Mesoclemmys Myuchelys Phrynops Platemys †Prochelidella Pseudemydura Rheodytes Rhinemys †Yaminuechelys
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa Pelusios
Podocnemididae	†Albertwoodemys †Bauruemys †Brontochelys †Caninemys †Carbonemys †Cerrejonemys †Cordichelys Erymnochelys †Lapparentemys †Latentemys Peltocephalus Podocnemis †Stupendemys
†Sahonachelyidae	†Sahonachelys †Sokatra

	†Caribemys †Caririemys †Tacuarembemys

Phylogenetic arrangement of turtles based onTurtles of the World 2017 Update: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status. † = extinct.

See alsoList of Testudines families

Taxon identifiers
Apalone	Wikidata:Q1930459 Wikispecies:Apalone ADW:Apalone BOLD:302309 CoL:Y32 EoL:76487 GBIF:2442664 iNaturalist:39555 IRMNG:1027941 ITIS:208674 NCBI:55533 Open Tree of Life:149792 Paleobiology Database:67268 WoRMS:1027416