| Andoque | |
|---|---|
| Andoké | |
| Native to | Colombia |
| Ethnicity | 820Andoque people (2018 census)[1] |
Native speakers | 370 (2007)[1] 50 monolinguals (no date)[1] |
Bora–Witoto ?
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | ano |
| Glottolog | ando1256 |
| ELP | Andoque |
 | |
 Andoke is classified as Severely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger. | |
Andoque is a language spoken by a few hundredAndoque people in Colombia, and is in decline. There were 10,000 speakers in 1908, down to 370 a century later, of which at most 50 are monolingual. The remaining speakers live in four residential areas in the region of the Anduche River, downstream fromAraracuara,Solano, Caquetá,Colombia;[2] the language is no longer spoken in Peru. Most speakersshifted to Spanish.[1]
Andoque may be related to the extinctUrequena language (alsoUrekena orArequena) which is known only from a single 19th century wordlist.[3]
Kaufman's (2007)Bora–Witótoan stock includes Andoque in the Witótoan family, but other linguists, such as Richard Aschmann, consider Andoque an isolate.
Andoque has been analyzed to have the lowest consonant-to-vowel ratio of any language in the world, with ten consonants and nine vowel qualities.[4] However, other studies (see below) have reported other numbers of consonants and vowels.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | iĩ | ɯ | u |
| Mid | eẽ | ɤɤ̃ | oõ |
| Open | aã | ʌ | ɒɒ̃ |
Landaburu (2000) reports nine oral vowels and six nasal vowels.
| Labial | Coronal | Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | nasal | m | n | ɲ | |
| voiced | b | d | |||
| voiceless | p | t | k | ʔ | |
| Continuant | fricative | ɸ | s | ʝ | h |
| rhotic | r | ||||
Thephoneme /ɲ/ is representedorthographically as⟨ñ⟩ and the phoneme /j/ is written⟨y⟩.
Andoque vowels have one of two phonological tones, low or high, with the low tone being far more frequent. Landaburu (2000) marks high tone vowels with a tilde and leaves low tone vowels unmarked. While some lexemes are distinct only in tone (such as -ka- 'mix' and -ká- 'distribute'), Landaburu notes that many grammatical distinctions are made solely through differences in tone, as in the examples below which differ in tense.
The subjectnoun does not appear alone, but is accompanied by markers forgender or noun classifiers (which are determined by shape). These noun classifiers are as follows:
| Animate | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | Feminine | Collective | ||
| Animate | Present | -ya- | -î- | -ə- |
| Absent | -o- | -ô- | ||
| Inanimate | Flexible or hollow | -o- | ||
| Rigid or elongated | -ô- | |||
| Other | -ó- | |||
Person markers includeo- ("I"),ha- ("you (singular)"),ka- ("we") andkə- ("you (plural)").
The adjectival or verbalpredicate has a suffix which agrees with the subject: -ʌ for animate subjects and flexible or hollow ones; -ó for rigid or elongated ones; -i for others. Adjectival and verbal predicates are also marked with prefixes indicating mood, direction or aspect, and infixes for tense. The nominalpredicate (What something is) does not have a suffix of agreement nor a dynamic prefix, but it can take infixes for tense and mood, like theverb. Other grammatical roles (benefactive, instrumental, locative) appear outside the verb in the form of markers forcase. There are 11 case suffixes.
In addition, thesentence has markers for the source of knowledge, orevidentials indicating whether the speaker knows the information communicated firsthand, heard it from another person, has deduced it, etc.
There is also a focus marker-nokó, which draws attention to the participants or indicates the highlight of a story. In the language there are means of representing action from the point of view of the subject or other participants, or from the point of view of an external observer.
Landaburu (2000) gives the followingSwadesh list table for Andoque:[5]
| no. | Spanish gloss | English gloss | Andoque |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | yo | I | o-ʔɤ |
| 2. | tú | you | ha-ʔɤ |
| 3. | nosotros | we | kẽ-ʔɤ̃ |
| 4. | ésto | this | ʌɲẽ́ |
| 5. | hoja | leaf | -sedɤ̃ |
| 6. | aquel | that | ʌdí |
| 7. | ¿quién? | who? | kó-i |
| 8. | ¿qué? | what? | hi-ʌ |
| g. | no | not | hʌ́ʌ-bã́ |
| 10. | todos | all | sí-õ-kɤ̃ |
| 11. | muchos | many | hʌ́ʌ-pãã́, ɯ́ɯ-kɤ̃ |
| 12. | largo | one | bɤ̃kɤ̃- |
| 13. | uno | two | ʌisidé |
| 14. | dos | big | ʌ-ʌ́hʌbã́ |
| 15. | grande | long | ĩʔõ-kɤ̃ |
| 16. | perro | dog | ĩɲõ |
| 17. | chico | small | uʔ-pãã́-ɲé-ʌ |
| 18. | mujer | woman | tiʔi |
| 19. | hombre | person | ʝóʔhʌ |
| 20. | pescado | fish | bei |
| 21. | pájaro | bird | hiʌɸo |
| 22. | piojo | louse | táʔsi |
| 23. | cola | tail | -dɤ̃ta |
| 24. | árbol | tree | kɤ̃́ʔɤ̃dɤ |
| 25. | semilla | seed | -tapi |
| 26. | raíz | root | -ɲeko |
| 27. | corteza | bark | -tasi |
| 28. | piel | skin | -tasi |
| 29. | carne | flesh | -ɤ̃ta |
| 30. | sangre | blood | -duʔs |
| 31. | hueso | bone | -tadɤ̃ |
| 32. | grasa | grease | kẽɤ̃i |
| 33. | huevo | egg | -hádɤ |
| 34. | cuerno | horn | -si |
| 35. | pluma | feather | -ɲeɸʌ |
| 36. | parado | standing | taɲe- |
| 37. | cabello | hair | ka-tai ʌka-be |
| 38. | cabeza | head | -tai |
| 39. | oreja | ear | -bei |
| 40. | ojo | eye | -ʔákʌ |
| 41. | nariz | nose | -pɤta |
| 42. | boca | mouth | -ɸi |
| 43. | diente | tooth | -kódi |
| 44. | lengua | tongue | -sodɤ̃ |
| 45. | rodilla | knee | -kodoi |
| 46. | garra, uña | claw, nail | -sikopɤ |
| 47. | pie | foot | -dʌka |
| 48. | mano | hand | -dobi |
| 49. | barriga | belly | -tura |
| 50. | cuello | neck | -ɲekɤ̃́i |
| 51. | senos | breasts | -ɲeé |
| 52. | corazón | heart | -pĩ́tú |
| 53. | hígado | liver | -tú |
| 54. | beber | drink | -kóʔ- |
| 55. | comer | eat | -baʔi- |
| 56. | morder | bite | -ʝu- |
| 57. | ver | see | -do- |
| 58. | oir | hear | -tó- |
| 59. | saber | know | -do- |
| 60. | dormir | sleep | -pʌ- |
| 61. | morir | die | ĩ-hʌ́ʌ- |
| 62. | matar | kill | -buʔ- |
| 63. | nadar | swim | -ɲṍẽi- |
| 64. | volar | fly | -bu- |
| 65. | andar, caminar | walk | -tá- |
| 66. | venir | come | da-ɤ̃- |
| 67. | acostado | lying down | se-aɲe- |
| 68. | dar | give | -ĩ- |
| 69. | sentado | seated | ʝi-ɸɤʌ́-aɲe- |
| 70. | decir | say | -kɤ̃-/-ẽʔ- |
| 71. | sol | sun | ĩɒ̃ |
| 72. | luna | moon | pódɤɤ̃ |
| 73 | estrella | star | ɸʌʔko |
| 74. | agua | water | dúʔu |
| 75 | lluvia | rain | dɤ-i |
| 76. | piedra | stone | ɸisi |
| 77. | arena | sand | poʔsɒ̃ɤ̃ |
| 78. | tierra | earth | ɲṍʔĩ |
| 79. | nube | cloud | bóasiakʌi dɤ̃kɤ̃ |
| 80. | humo | smoke | bóasiakʌi |
| 81. | fuego | fire | ʌʔpa |
| 82. | ceniza | ashes | pʌtakoi |
| 83. | arder | burn | -du- |
| 84. | camino | path | dubɤ, õbɤ |
| 85. | cerro | mountain | toʌ́i |
| 86. | rojo | red | peo- |
| 87. | verde | green | paʝo- |
| 88. | amarillo | yellow | dóɒ- |
| 89. | blanco | white | poʔté |
| 90. | negro | black | uo- |
| 91. | noche | night | hʌʔpʌ́ʌ |
| 92. | caliente | hot | pã- |
| 93. | frio | cold | dõsi-ko- |
| 94. | lleno | full | ɸiʔ |
| 95. | nuevo | new | pá- |
| 96. | bueno | good | ɸɤɲe- |
| 97. | redondo | round | -tude 'bola' ("ball") |
| 98. | seco | dry | ʝɒʔɒ- |
| 99. | nombre | name | -ti |
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Andoque.[6]
| gloss | Andoque |
|---|---|
| one | itsidixate |
| two | ükhümá |
| head | ka-tái |
| eye | ka-haksü |
| tooth | ka-koːné |
| man | phohaː |
| water | dzühü |
| fire | nóhapa |
| maize | tsobohi |
| jaguar | inóh |
| house | dzyaʔpüko |
Authority control databases: National |
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