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| Andalusian Spanish | |
|---|---|
| Pronunciation | [andaˈluh],[ændæˈlʊ] |
| Region | Andalusia |
| Ethnicity | Andalusians,Gibraltarians |
Early forms | |
| Dialects |
|
| Latin (Spanish alphabet) Spanish Braille | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | anda1279 |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
TheAndalusian dialects of Spanish (Spanish:andaluz,pronounced[andaˈluθ],locally[andaˈluh,ændæˈlʊ]) are spoken inAndalusia,Ceuta,Melilla, andGibraltar. They include perhaps the most distinct of the southern variants ofpeninsular Spanish, differing in many respects from northern varieties in a number ofphonological,morphological andlexical features. Many of these are innovations which, spreading from Andalusia, failed to reach the higher strata of Toledo and Madrid speech and become part of the Peninsular norm ofstandard Spanish.[3] Andalusian Spanish has historically been stigmatized at a national level, though this appears to have changed in recent decades, and there is evidence that the speech ofSeville or thenorma sevillana enjoys highprestige within Western Andalusia.[4][5]
Due to the large population of Andalusia, Andalusian dialects are among the most widely spoken dialects in Spain. Within the Iberian Peninsula, other southern varieties of Spanish share some core elements of Andalusian, mainly in terms of phonetics – notablyExtremaduran Spanish andMurcian Spanish as well as, to a lesser degree, Manchegan Spanish.
Due to massive emigration from Andalusia to the Spanish colonies in theAmericas and elsewhere, allLatin American Spanish dialects share some fundamental characteristics with Western Andalusian Spanish, such as the use ofustedes instead ofvosotros for the second person informal plural,seseo, and a lack ofleísmo. Much of Latin American Spanish shares some other Andalusian characteristics too, such asyeísmo,weakening of syllable-final/s/, pronunciation of historical/x/ or the⟨j⟩ sound as aglottal fricative, and merging syllable-final/r/ and/l/.[6]Canarian Spanish is also strongly similar to Western Andalusian Spanish due to its settlement history.[7]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | |||||||
| Stop | p | b | t | d | tʃ | ʝ | k | ɡ | ||
| Continuant | f | θ* | s | x | ||||||
| Lateral | l | (ʎ) | ||||||||
| Flap | ɾ | |||||||||
| Trill | r | |||||||||
Most Spanish dialects in Spain differentiate, at least in pre-vocalic position, between the sounds represented in traditional spelling by⟨z⟩ and⟨c⟩ (before⟨e⟩ and⟨i⟩), pronounced[θ], and that of⟨s⟩, pronounced[s]. However, in many areas of Andalusia, the two phonemes are not distinguished and/s/ is used for both, which is known asseseo/seˈseo/. In other areas, the sound manifests as[s̟] (a sound close, but not identical to[θ]), which is known asceceo (/θeˈθeo/). Unless a specific dialect is transcribed, transcriptions in this article follow the standard pattern found in the syllable onset, so that the orthographic⟨z⟩ and the soft⟨c⟩ are transcribed with ⟨θ⟩, whereas the orthographic⟨s⟩ is transcribed with ⟨s⟩. Additionally, in most regions of Andalusia which distinguish/s/ and/θ/, the distinction involves alaminal[s], as opposed to theapico-alveolar[s̠] of most of Spain.
The pronunciation of these sounds in Andalusia differs geographically, socially, and among individual speakers, and there has also been some shift in favor of the standarddistinción. As testament to the prevalence of intra-speaker variation,Dalbor (1980) found that many Andalusians alternate between a variety of sibilants, with little discernible pattern.[10] Additionally, the idea that areas of rural Andalusia at one time exclusively usedceceo has been challenged, and many speakers described asceceante orceceo-using have in fact alternated between use of[s̟] and[s] with little pattern.[11] Whilececeo is stigmatized and usually associated with rural areas, it is worth noting that it was historically found in some large cities such asHuelva andCádiz,[12] although not in the more prestigious cities ofSeville andCórdoba.[13]
Above all in eastern Andalusia, but also in locations in western Andalusia such as Huelva,Jerez, and Seville, there is a shift towardsdistinción. Higher rates ofdistinción are associated with education, youth, urban areas, and monitored speech. The strong influence of media and school may be driving this shift.[4][14]
Penny (2000) provides a map showing the different ways of pronouncing these sounds in different parts of Andalusia. The map's information almost entirely corresponds to the results from theLinguistic Atlas of the Iberian Peninsula, realized in the early 1930s in Andalusia and also described inNavarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933). These sources generally highlight the most common pronunciation, in colloquial speech, in a given locality.
According toPenny (2000), the distinction between a laminal/s/ and/θ/ is native to most ofAlmería, easternGranada, most ofJaén, and northernHuelva, while the distinction between an apical/s/ and/θ/, as found in the rest of Peninsular Spanish, is native to the very northeastern regions of Almería, Granada and Jaén, to northernCórdoba, not including theprovincial capital, and to a small region of northern Huelva.[15] Also according toPenny (2000) andNavarro Tomás, Espinosa & Rodríguez-Castellano (1933),seseo predominates in much of northwestern Huelva, the city of Seville as well as northern Seville province, most of southern Córdoba, including the capital, and parts of Jaén, far western Granada, very northernMálaga, and the city of Almería. Likewise,ceceo is found in southern Huelva, most of Seville, including an area surrounding but not including the capital, all ofCádiz including the capital,[16][13] most of Málaga, western Granada, and parts of southern Almería.[15]
Outside Andalusia,seseo also existed in parts of westernBadajoz, including the capital, as of 1933, though it was in decline in many places and associated with the lower class.[17]Seseo was likewise found, in 1933, in a southern, coastal area ofMurcia around the city ofCartagena, and in parts of southernAlicante such asTorrevieja, near the linguistic border withValencian.Ceceo was also found in the Murcian villages of Perín andTorre-Pacheco, also near the coast.[18]
Andalusian Spanish phonology includes a large number of other distinctive features, compared to other dialects. Many of these are innovations, especiallylenitions andmergers, and some of Andalusian Spanish's most distinct lenitions and mergers occur in thesyllable coda. Most broadly, these characteristics includeyeísmo, the pronunciation of the⟨j⟩ sound like the English[h], velarization of word- and phrase-final/n/ to[ŋ], elision of/d/ between vowels, and a number of reductions in the syllable coda, which includes occasionally merging the consonants/l/ and/r/ and leniting or eveneliding most syllable-final consonants. A number of these features, so characteristic of Spain's south, may have ultimately originated inAstur-leonese speaking areas of north-western Spain, where they can still be found.[19]
The leniting of syllable-final consonants is quite frequent in middle-class speech, and some level of lenition is sociolinguistically unmarked within Andalusia, forming part of the local standard. That said, Andalusian speakers do tend to reduce the rate of syllable-final lenition in formal speech.[4][20]
Yeísmo, or the merging of/ʎ/ into/ʝ/, is general in most of Andalusia, and may likely be able to trace its origin to Astur-leonese settlers.[19] That said, pockets of a distinction remain in rural parts of Huelva, Seville, and Cadiz. This merger has since spread to most of Latin American Spanish, Canarian Spanish and, in recent decades, to most of urban Peninsular Spanish.[21]
/x/ is usually aspirated, or pronounced[h], except in some eastern Andalusian sub-varieties (i.e.Jaén,Granada,Almería provinces), where the dorsal[x] is retained. This aspirated pronunciation is also heard in most ofExtremadura and parts ofCantabria.
Word-final/n/ often becomes a velar nasal[ŋ], including when before another word starting in a vowel, as in[meðãˈŋasko] forme dan asco 'they disgust me'. This features is shared with many other varieties of Spanish, including much of Latin America and the Canary Islands, as well as much of northwestern Spain, the likely origin of this velarization.[19] This syllable-final nasal can even be deleted, leaving behind just a nasal vowel at the end of a word.[20][22]
Intervocalic/d/ iselided in most instances, for examplepesao forpesado ('heavy'),a menúo fora menudo ('often'). This is especially common in the past participle; e.g.he acabado becomeshe acabao ('I have finished'). For the -ado suffix, this feature is common to all peninsular variants of Spanish, while in other positions it is widespread throughout most of the southern half of Spain. Also, as occurs in most of the Spanish-speaking world, final/d/ is usually dropped.[23] This widespread elision of intervocalic/d/ throughout the vocabulary is also shared with several Asturian and Cantabrian dialects, pointing to a possible Asturian origin for this feature.[19]
Oneconservative feature of Andalusian Spanish is the way some people retain an[h] sound in words which had such a sound in medieval Spanish, which originally comes fromLatin/f/, i.e. Latinfartvs 'stuffed, full' →harto[ˈharto] (standard Spanish[ˈarto] 'fed up'). This also occurs in the speech ofExtremadura and some other western regions, and it was carried to Latin America by Andalusian settlers, where it also enjoys low status. Nowadays, this characteristic is limited to rural areas in Western Andalusia and theflamenco culture. This pronunciation represents resistance to the dropping of/h/ that occurred inEarly Modern Spanish. This[h] sound is merged with the/x/ phoneme, which derives from medieval/ʃ/ and/ʒ/.[24] This feature may be connected to northwestern settlers during the reconquista, who came from areas such as eastern Asturias where/f/ had, as in Old Castile, become/h/.[19]
/tʃ/ undergoesdeaffrication to[ʃ] in Western Andalusia, including cities likeSeville andCádiz, e.g.escucha[ehˈkuʃa] ('s/he listens').
A list of Andalusian lenitions and mergers in the syllable coda that affectobstruent andliquid consonants includes:
Many Western Andalusian speakers replace the informal second person pluralvosotros with the formalustedes (without the formal connotation, as happens in other parts of Spain). For example, the standard second person plural verb forms forir ('to go') arevosotros vais (informal) andustedes van (formal), but in Western Andalusian one often hearsustedes vais for the informal version.[38]
Although mass media have generalised the use ofle as a pronoun for animate, masculine direct objects, a phenomenon known asleísmo, many Andalusians still use the normativelo, as inlo quiero mucho (instead ofle quiero mucho), which is also moreconservative with regards to the Latin etymology of these pronouns. TheAsturleonese dialects of northwestern Spain are similarly conservative, lacking leísmo, and the dominance of this more conservative direct object pronoun system in Andalusia may be due to the presence of Asturleonese settlers in the Reconquista. Subsequent dialect levelling in newly founded Andalusian towns would favor the more simple grammatical system, that is, the one without leísmo.[19]Laísmo (the substitution of indirect pronounle withla, as in the sentencela pegó una bofetada a ella) is similarly typical of central Spain and not present in Andalusia,[39] and, though not prescriptively correct according to theRAE, is frequently heard on Radio and TV programmes.
The standard form of the second-person plural imperative with a reflexive pronoun (os) is-aos, or-aros in informal speech, whereas in Andalusian, and other dialects, too,-se is used instead, so¡callaos ya! / ¡callaros ya! ('shut up!') becomes¡callarse ya! and¡sentaos! / ¡sentaros! ('sit down!') becomes¡sentarse!.
Thegender of some words may not match that of Standard Spanish, e.g.la calor notel calor ('the heat'),el chinche notla chinche ('the bedbug').La mar is also more frequently used thanel mar.La mar de andtela de are lexicalised expressions to meana lot of....
Many words ofMozarabic,Romani and Old Spanish origin occur in Andalusian which are not found in other dialects in Spain (but many of these may occur in South American and, especially, inCaribbean Spanish dialects due to the greater influence of Andalusian there). For example:chispenear instead of standardlloviznar orchispear ('to drizzle'),babucha instead ofzapatilla ('slipper'),chavea instead ofchaval ('kid') orantié foranteayer ('the day before yesterday').A few words ofAndalusi Arabic origin that have become archaisms or unknown in general Spanish can be found, together with multitude of sayings: e.g.haciendo morisquetas (from the wordmorisco, meaning pulling faces and gesticulating, historically associated with Muslim prayers). These can be found in older texts of Andalusi. There are some doublets of Arabic-Latinate synonyms with theArabic form being more common in Andalusian like Andalusianalcoba for standardhabitación ordormitorio ('bedroom') oralhaja for standardjoya ('jewel').
Some words pronounced in the Andalusian dialects have entered general Spanish with a specific meaning. One example isjuerga,[40] ("debauchery", or "partying"), the Andalusian pronunciation ofhuelga[41] (originally "period without work", now "work strike"). Theflamenco lexicon incorporates many Andalusisms, for example,cantaor,tocaor, andbailaor, which are examples of the dropped "d"; in standard spelling these would becantador,tocador, andbailador, while the same terms in more general Spanish may becantante,músico, andbailarín. Note that, when referring to the flamenco terms, the correct spelling drops the "d"; a flamencocantaor is written this way, notcantador. In other cases, the dropped "d" may be used in standard Spanish for terms closely associated with Andalusian culture. For example,pescaíto frito ("little fried fish") is a popular dish in Andalusia, and this spelling is used in many parts of Spain when referring to this dish. For general usage, the spelling would bepescadito frito.
Llanito, thevernacular of theBritish overseas territory ofGibraltar, is based on Andalusian Spanish, withBritish English and other influences.
In Andalusia, there is a movement promoting the status of Andalusian as a separate language and not as a dialect of Spanish.[42]
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