Alphonse Juin | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Marshal Juin in 1952 | |
| Seat 4 of the Académie française | |
| In office 20 November 1952 – 27 January 1967 | |
| Preceded by | Jean Tharaud |
| Succeeded by | Pierre Emmanuel |
| Resident-General of France in Morocco | |
| In office 15 May 1947 – 28 August 1951 | |
| Preceded by | Eirik Labonne |
| Succeeded by | Augustin Guillaume |
| Chief of the Defence Staff | |
| In office 25 January 1951 – 19 August 1953 | |
| Preceded by | Charles Léchères |
| Succeeded by | Paul Ély |
| In office 13 August 1944 – 15 May 1947 | |
| Preceded by | Antoine Béthouart |
| Succeeded by | Charles Léchères |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1888-12-16)16 December 1888 |
| Died | 27 January 1967(1967-01-27) (aged 78) |
| Resting place | Les Invalides |
| Nationality | French |
| Spouse | [1] |
| Children | Pierre Juin |
| Parents | |
| Alma mater |
|
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  Third RepublicVichy France Free FranceFourth Republic |
| Branch/service | French Army |
| Years of service | 1912–1962 |
| Rank | Army general[a] |
| Unit | |
| Commands | List of commands
|
| Battles/wars | Zaian War List of battles |
Alphonse Pierre Juin[b] (16 December 1888 – 27 January 1967) was a seniorFrench Armygeneral who becameMarshal of France. A graduate of theÉcole Spéciale Militaire class of 1912, he served inMorocco in 1914 in command of native troops. Upon the outbreak of theFirst World War, he was sent to theWestern Front in France, where he was gravely wounded in 1915. As a result of this wound, he lost the use of his right arm.
After the war, he attended theÉcole Supérieure de Guerre. He chose to serve in North Africa again. After the outbreak of theSecond World War in September 1939, he assumed command of the15th Motorized Infantry Division. The division was encircled in theLille pocket during theBattle of France and Juin was captured. He was aprisoner of war until he was released at the behest of theVichy Government in 1941, and was assigned to command French forces in North Africa.
AfterOperation Torch, the invasion of Algeria and Morocco by British and American forces in November 1942, Juin ordered French forces inTunisia to resist the Germans and the Italians. His great skills were exhibited during theItalian campaign as commander of theFrench Expeditionary Corps. His expertise in mountain warfare was crucial in breaking theGustav Line, which had held up the Allied advance for six months.
Following this assignment, he wasChief of the Staff of the French forces and represented France at theSan Francisco Conference. In 1947 he returned to Africa as theResident-General of France in Morocco, where he opposed Moroccan attempts to gain independence. Next came a seniorNATO position as he assumed command ofCENTAG until 1956. During his NATO command, he was promoted toMarshal of France in 1952. He was greatly opposed toCharles De Gaulle's decision to grantindependence to Algeria, and was "retired" in 1962 as a result. He was the French Army's last living Marshal of France until his death in Paris in 1967, when he was buried inLes Invalides.
Alphonse Juin was born at Bône (nowAnnaba) inFrench Algeria on 16 December 1888, the only son of Victor Pierre Juin, a soldier who became agendarme after 15 years of military service, mostly in Algeria, and his wife Précieuse Salini,[1][8] the daughter of another soldier who had also become a gendarme. He was named after his paternal grandfather. When he was six, his family moved toConstantine, where he went to primary school, and learnt Arabic from the local boys. In 1902 he was awarded abursary to study at theLycée d'Aumale in Constantine.[9]
In 1909 he passed the entrance examination for theÉcole spéciale militaire. At that time cadets were required to spend a year in the Army before commencing the course, so he enlisted in an Algerian regiment, the 1stZouaves Regiment, quickly rising tocorporal and thensergeant. He enteredSaint-Cyr in 1910.[9] Classes are named, and his class, the 94th, was known aspromotion de Fès after the Moroccan city ofFès that was at the centre of theAgadir Crisis of 1911. Among the class of 223, which included eight foreigners from China, Turkey, Iran and Algeria, were futuregénéral d'arméeAntoine Béthouart, three futuregénéraux de corps d'armée, four futuregénéraux de division and eighteen futuregénéraux de brigade, includingCharles de Gaulle. There would remain a special bond between members of the class, and de Gaulle would always address Juin using thepersonal pronountu. Juin, de Gaulle and Béthouart would give their names to the Saint-Cyr classes of 1966–68, 1970–72 and 2000–03 respectively.[10]
After graduating on 1 October 1912, Juin was commissioned as asous-lieutenant in an Algerian regiment, the 1st AlgerianTirailleurs Regiment. He soon saw service in Morocco in theZaian War, participating in the fighting aroundTaza.[11][12]
Upon the outbreak of theFirst World War in August 1914, a brigade of five battalions known as theBrigade des Chasseurs Indigènes was formed from Moroccan troops and sent to theWestern Front in France. Juin joinedChef de BataillonJoseph-François Poeymirau's2e Régiment des Chasseurs Indigènes as alieutenant.[13] On 5 September, the brigade joined the fighting in theFirst Battle of the Marne. Juin was wounded in his left hand the following day, but refused evacuation to hospital, remaining at the front with his arm in a sling. He was awarded the Cross of theLegion of Honour. The brigade was withdrawn from the line in January 1915, but committed to battle again in March in theFirst Battle of Champagne. In this battle Juin was again wounded, this time in his upper right arm. The damage was permanent, and he was given permission to henceforth salute with his left.[14]
Juin found Poeymirau, who had also been wounded, in the hospital, and Poeymirau arranged for Juin to be sent back to Morocco in December 1915 to convalesce. Promoted tocapitaine, Juin joined Moroccan troops preparing to go to France, but he accepted an offer fromGénéral de divisionHubert Lyautey, theResident-General inMorocco, to become hisaide-de-camp for six months. Juin returned to France towards the end of 1916 in command of a company of the1er Régiment de Tirailleurs Marocains [fr], participating in theNivelle Offensive in April 1917.[12][15] He was selected for staff training in February 1918. When he returned in October 1918, he was initially posted to the staff of his division, but then joined the French Mission to the United States Army, where he served when the fighting ended in November 1918.[14]
After the war, Juin returned to the 1st Moroccan Tirailleurs Regiment, but was seconded to Lyautey's staff, and then sent toÉcole Supérieure de Guerre for more staff training. After graduating in 1921, he was posted to the headquarters of the division in Tunisia. He turned down an offer of a staff appointment in Paris to serve under Poeymirau in Morocco, but Poeymirau died suddenly in 1924. Lyautey then divided Morocco into two commands. When Juin arrived at the new headquarters in Fès, he foundCapitaineJean de Lattre de Tassigny occupying the position of G-3 (Operations) that Juin had expected. Since Juin was staff trained and de Lattre was not, Juin became G-4 (Logistics) and had as principal task the supplying of the forts in theOuergha River area. During theRif War, he served on the staff ofColonelCharles Noguès. For his services leading troops in the field, Juin was made an officer of theLegion of Honour and promoted toChef de bataillon.[16]
Lyautey was blamed for the French lack of preparedness for the war and relieved of his command. As a marshal, Lyautey was member of theConseil supérieur de la guerre, and as such was entitled to a small staff of three officers. He asked Juin to be its head, and Juin accepted even though it was a desk job in Paris for an officer with little influence. He refused even to attend the infrequentconseil meetings because of the presence of MarshalPhilippe Pétain. Juin was best man at de Lattre's wedding to Simonne Calary de Lamazière in March 1927.[17]
Juin returned to North Africa in September 1927 to assume command of a battalion of the 19th Algerian Tirailleurs Regiment. He married Marie Gabrielle Cécile Bonnefoy, the daughter of an Army veterinary surgeon who had moved to Constantine and become a businessman, in 1928. They had two sons: Pierre and Michel. The following year he became military secretary to Noguès, who was now the director of political affairs in Morocco. An army requirement for officers to complete six months in command of a battalion before they could be promoted made Juin spend six months in command of a battalion of the 1st Zouaves Regiment.[18] He was promoted tolieutenant-colonel in March 1932,[19] returning to his previous post in time for active operations that year. They were successful, and he was posted to theÉcole Supérieure de guerre as an instructor in 1933. Once again he chafed under the prevailing linear defence doctrine, and he returned to North Africa in 1935 to become second in command and then commander of the 3rd Zouaves Regiment.[20][18] He was promoted tocolonel in June 1935.[19]
Noguès became resident-general in Morocco in 1937, with the expectation that he would become commander in chief in North Africa in the event of hostilities withNazi Germany. If that happened, Noguès wanted Juin for his chief of staff, but since Juin was only a colonel, it was arranged for him to attend a senior officers course at theCentre des hautes études militaires. On graduation, he returned to Algiers, where he was promoted to the rank ofgénéral de brigade on 26 December 1938.[21][19]
After theSecond World War broke out in September 1939, Juin helped arrange the despatch of units from theArmée d'Afrique to help defend metropolitan France. On 4 December, he was given command of the15e Division d'Infantrie Motorisée (15e DIM). After theGerman attack began on 10 May 1940, the 15e DIM was ordered into Belgium to hold the area aroundGembloux. This was held against German attacks on 14 and 15 May, before the defenders were compelled to retreat toValenciennes. The 15e DIM came under heavy German attack on 24 May, and retreated into theLille pocket, where it covered the British and French forces fighting in theBattle of Dunkirk. Some units of his division managed to escape to Dunkirk; the remainder fought until their ammunition ran out. Juin surrendered on 29 May.[19][22]
Juin became aprisoner of war, and was held inOflag IV-B Koenigstein, a prison camp for officers inKönigstein Fortress inSaxony. While in prison he was promoted toGénéral de division. He was released in June 1941 at the request of Pétain, now the head of theVichy Government, in exchange for thirty German sailors, as a specialist in North African affairs. He was promoted toGénéral de corps d'armée on 16 July, and became commander of the troops in Morocco. AdmiralFrançois Darlan offered him the post of Minister for War following the death ofGénéral d'arméeCharles Huntziger in November 1941, but Juin turned down the offer, saying that he only wished to serve in North Africa. On 20 November, he was promoted toGénéral de corps d'armée, replacingMaxime Weygand as commander of French land forces in North Africa. In December he led a French mission to Germany that met withReichsmarschallHermann Göring to discuss what would happen if the German-ItalianPanzerarmee Afrika was driven out of Libya byOperation Crusader. This did not occur, but a dispute over what should be done led to Juin relieving de Lattre of command of the forces in Tunisia, permanently damaging their friendship.[19][23]
Operation Torch, the invasion of Algeria and Morocco by British and American forces, came as a complete surprise to Juin, who had not been brought into secret discussions concerning the operation.[24] He was informed of the landings byRobert Daniel Murphy, the American consul-general in Algiers, on the morning of 8 November 1942 as the first waves were heading toward the beaches. Juin had previously told Murphy that his orders were to resist an invasion of North Africa, but he agreed to immediately consult with Darlan, who arrived at Juin's villa within minutes. Darlan, in turn, sent a message to Pétain inVichy. Murphy was placed under house arrest in Juin's villa, the pro-Allied troops who had surrounded the villa were driven away, andGénéral de divisionCharles Mast, who had collaborated with the Allies, was relieved byGénéral de divisionLouis Koeltz.[25]
Juin did not want Algeria occupied by the Americans any more than he wished France to be occupied by the Germans, but he recognized the reality of the situation.[26] Darlan authorised Juin to negotiate a local ceasefire in Algiers, so Juin met with AmericanMajor GeneralCharles W. Ryder, commander of theU.S. 34th Infantry Division, and the two arranged for an end to the fighting. Algiers was handed over to the Americans, French troops were confined to barracks but retained their weapons, and French police maintained law and order.[27] French resistance to the Allies continued elsewhere in North Africa until Darlan issued a ceasefire on 10 November, and directed Juin to order French forces in Tunisia to resist the Germans and the Italians. Juin's orders were not always obeyed by his subordinates in Tunisia, many of whom believed that Darlan and Juin were being held prisoner by the Americans,[28] but he was able to personally persuade Noguès to work with the Allies.[26]
In the reorganisation of French forces in North Africa on 13 November, Juin became commander of the Eastern Sector.[28] His command, known as theDétachement d'armée Français, held two distinct sectors on the Tunisian front, one in the north underGénéral de brigade Fernand Barré, and one in the south under Koeltz.[29] His forces were poorly equipped, and when the Germans and Italians counter-attacked, he had to call on the British and Americans for assistance. In January 1943, Juin agreed to a more regular command arrangement, with French forces being concentrated in Koeltz'sXIX Corps, which was placed underLieutenant GeneralKenneth Anderson'sBritish First Army.[30]
Juin was promoted toGénéral d'armée.[31] He was given a tumultuous welcome from the populace when he entered Tunis after the Allies captured the city in May.[32] De Gaulle appointed Mast asResident-General in Tunisia, but Mast was injured in an air crash, and Juin was asked to fill in for him.[31] In this role, Juin joinedGeneralDwight D. Eisenhower,Général d'arméeHenri Giraud,AdmiralSir Andrew Cunningham,Air Chief MarshalSir Arthur Tedder and Lieutenant General Kenneth Anderson on the review stand for the victory parade on 20 May.[33] A less savoury part of the job was informingMuhammad VII al-Munsif, the Bey of Tunisia, that he was being deposed. When Juin was informed that Pétain had stripped the bey of his French nationality and membership in the legion of honour, he merely noted that he was grateful he had not been sentenced to death.[31]
In July 1943, Eisenhower, now theSupreme Allied Commander in theMediterranean Theater of Operations (MTO), raised the possibility of French troops being used in the upcomingItalian campaign with Juin, who accepted on behalf of Giraud, who was inWashington, D.C.[34] Juin was placed in charge of a force known asDétachement d'armée A, which was intended to eventually grow into an army headquarters. Since it would form part of theU.S. Fifth Army, under the lower-ranking AmericanLieutenant GeneralMark W. Clark, Juin styled his command theCorps Expéditionnaire Français (CEF), and took a reduction in rank toGénéral de corps d'armée. When the first division of the CEF, the2nd Moroccan Infantry Division (2e DIM), arrived in November 1943, it was initially placed under the command of American Major GeneralJohn P. Lucas'sU.S. VI Corps. In his diary Lucas noted that Juin "turned out to be not only a splendid soldier but a fine and courteous gentleman as well."[35]
Juin's CEF relieved Lucas's VI Corps in the line when the CEF's second division, the3rd Algerian Infantry Division (3e DIA) arrived in December.[36] For the CEF, theFirst Battle of Monte Cassino began on 12 January 1944, with the CEF advancing four miles to the upperRapido River and the main defences of the GermanGustav Line.[37] After the Alliedlandings at Anzio on 22 January 1944, he began an attack on Monte Belvedere, about 5 miles (8.0 km) north ofMonte Cassino.[38] On 29 January, he reported to Clark that "At the cost of unbelievable efforts and great losses," the 3rd Algerian Infantry Division had "accomplished the mission which you gave them."[39]
After three unsuccessful attempts to break the Gustav Line, BritishGeneralSir Harold Alexander,Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) of theAllied Armies in Italy (AAI, later designated15th Army Group), decided to make a coordinated attack with both the U.S. Fifth Army and Lieutenant GeneralSir Oliver Leese'sBritish Eighth Army,[40] codenamedOperation Diadem.[41] As was the British custom, General Alexander gave his subordinates considerable latitude in how they went about implementing his orders. This allowed Juin to put forward a major modification to the plan. He proposed that the CEF, now increased to four divisions, advance through the ruggedAurunci Mountains and outflank the German positions. He was aware of the difficulty of trying to advance, much less exploit abreakthrough over the mountain trails, but felt that the4th Moroccan Mountain Division andMoroccan Goumiers could do it.[42]
According to Clark:
Meantime, the French forces had crossed theGarigliano (River) and moved forward into the mountainous terrain lying south of theLiri River. It was not easy. As always, the German veterans reacted strongly and there was bitter fighting. The French surprised the enemy and quickly seized key terrain including Mounts Faito Cerasola and high ground nearCastelforte. The1st Motorized Division helped the 2nd Moroccan division take key Mount Girofano and then advanced rapidly north to S. Apollinare and S. Ambrogio. In spite of the stiffening enemy resistance, the 2nd Moroccan Division penetrated the Gustav Line in less than two days' fighting.
The next 48 hours on the French front were decisive. The knife-wielding Goumiers swarmed over the hills, particularly at night, and General Juin's entire force showed an aggressiveness hour after hour that the Germans could not withstand. Cerasola, San Giogrio, Mt. D'Oro,Ausonia andEsperia were seized in one of the most brilliant and daring advances of the war in Italy, and by May 16 the French Expeditionary Corps had thrust forward some ten miles on their left flank to Mount Revole, with the remainder of their front slanting back somewhat to keep contact with the British Eighth Army.
Only the most careful preparations and the utmost determination made this attack possible, but Juin was that kind of a fighter. Mule pack trains, skilled mountain fighters, and men with the strength to make long night marches through treacherous terrain were needed to succeed in the all-but-impregnable mountain ranges. The French displayed that ability during their sensational advance which Lieutenant GeneralSiegfried Westphal, thechief of staff toKesselring, later described as a major surprise both in timing and in aggressiveness. For this performance, which was to be a key to the success of the entire drive on Rome, I shall always be a grateful admirer of General Juin and his magnificent FEC.[43]
Clark made a triumphal entry into Rome, with Juin sitting next to him. For Juin, the experience was bittersweet. He felt that the fruits of his victory had been lost through British caution and the American obsession with Rome's capture. The French command rejected his support for continuing the campaign in Italy now that the Allies were winning. On 4 July, the CEF capturedSiena, where it celebratedBastille Day, and then was withdrawn to participate inOperation Dragoon, codename for the Allied invasion of Southern France. In the wake of allegations of raping and pillaging by his North African troops in theMarocchinate, he took steps to curtail the abuses,[44] with drastic measures, including the death penalty, that were not entirely successful owing to the animosity between the French and Italian people over the events of 1940.[45]
Following this assignment Juin was appointed chief of staff of French forces ("Chef d'État-Major de la Défense Nationale"). He helped persuade Eisenhower to allowPhilippe Leclerc's2nd Armoured Division to carry out theliberation of Paris, and he entered the city with de Gaulle on 25 August 1944. He restored order to the liberated areas, suppressing elements of theFrench Forces of the Interior (FFI) that refused to disband withSpahis that he brought in from North Africa. He arranged with Eisenhower for FFI personnel to be absorbed into four new divisions that guarded the German forces that remained in bypassed garrisons along the Atlantic coast, and the frontier with Italy.[46]
During the GermanOperation Northwind in January 1945, he clashed with Eisenhower's chief of staff, Lieutenant GeneralWalter B. Smith, over a proposed Allied withdrawal from Alsace and Lorraine. In the event, Eisenhower gave way to political pressure from the British and the French, and the withdrawal was not carried out. Juin also opposed the attack onRoyan in April 1945, but it was carried out anyway over his objections.[46]
At the time of theend of the war in Europe, Juin was in the United States, where he represented France at theSan Francisco Conference.[46] In the immediate post-war period he continued with his task of rebuilding France's armed forces. This was made difficult by the ending of AmericanLend-Lease aid, and the military commitments to theAllied occupation of Germany, and in North Africa, Syria and Italy, where the1947 Paris Peace Treaties made some adjustments to the border. The major looming crisis, though, was theIndochina War. Juin lost his direct access to the President when de Gaulle left office in 1946, and his plans for an Army large enough to handle France's commitments had to be scaled back.[47]
In May 1947, Juin returned to Africa as the Resident-General in Morocco.[48] He opposed Moroccan attempts to gain independence and worked uneasily withMohammed V, the Sultan of Morocco, whom Juin correctly suspected of harbouring nationalist sympathies. Juin forbade religious schools and certain gatherings, which he felt were being taken over by nationalists.[49] Through his 7 March 1949 agreement with Jacques Gershoni of theJewish Agency, theZionist organization calledCadima was established to facilitate themigration ofMoroccan Jews to the recently established state of Israel.[50][51] During his tenure Juin instituted many administrative reforms, and greatly expanded opportunities for Moroccans, but it was overshadowed by the growing drift to independence.[52] General Guillaume replaced him in August 1951.[53]
Although Juin visited Indochina in April 1946, and met withHo Chi Minh, he was not interested in a command there.[47] He likewise turned down an offer in 1948 to command theWestern European Union land forces.[54] He returned to Indochina in October 1950, when he was sent to report on the state of France's efforts there. He produced a damning report, in which he criticised both the strategy and tactics being employed. But he again turned down an offer to command the French forces in Indochina, being far more concerned about the situation in North Africa.[55]
On 20 November 1952, Juin was elected at the Seat 4 of theAcadémie Française.[56]
In 1953 Juin took up a seniorNATO position as he assumed command ofCENTAG.[57] Once again he served under Eisenhower. He also got along well with Eisenhower's successors, GeneralsMatthew Ridgway andAlfred Gruenther, whom he had known from the campaign in Italy. During his NATO command, he was made aMarshal of France in May 1952, the only living holder of that rank. After the French defeat in Indochina in theBattle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954, Juin was again asked if he would take over command in Indochina. He was greatly moved by the disaster, in which his former aide was killed, but in the end turned the job down again.[58] He retired on 1 October 1956, coinciding with Gruenther's retirement, as he did not wish to serve under any other American general.[59]
Juin was greatly opposed to de Gaulle's decision to grantindependence to Algeria, although he remained steadfastly loyal to de Gaulle. In the wake of theAlgiers putsch of 1961 and theOrganisation Armée Secrète terrorist campaign, he was placed under house arrest. He was "retired" and his special privileges as a marshal were taken away. In December 1963, he suffered athrombosis and was hospitalised in theVal-de-Grâce, where he was visited by de Gaulle.[60] Delirious, Juin spoke of "Constantine, Algeria, my country", to which de Gaulle embraced him and replied "Yes, I know, your country is there".[61]
In the event, Juin did not die, but remained frail for the rest of his life. He suffered a heart attack November 1966, and was again taken to the Val-de-Grâce, where he died on 27 January 1967. A funeral was held atNotre Dame de Paris, which was attended by old comrades including Alexander, Ridgway, Béthouart,Marcel Carpentier and de Gaulle, after which Juin was interred inLes Invalides with full military honours.[60][62]
| Private, 2nd class | Corporal | Sergeant | Aspirant | Second lieutenant |
|---|---|---|---|---|
_OR-1.svg) | _OR-3.svg) | _OR-5.svg) | _OF-0_(inaccurate%2c_for_illustration_only).svg) | _OF-1a.svg) |
| 7 October 1909[63] | 12 February 1910[63] | 25 Septembre 1910[63] | 15 October 1910[63] | 1 October 1911[64] |
| Lieutenant | Captain | Battalion chief | Lieutenant colonel | Colonel |
_OF-1b.svg) | _OF-2.svg) | _OF-3.svg) | _OF-4.svg) | _OF-5.svg) |
| 1 October 1913[65] | 4 April 1916[66] | 26 June 1926[67] | 24 March 1932[68] | 24 June 1935[69] |
| Brigade general | Division general | Corps general | Army general | Marshal of France |
 |  |  |  |  |
| 26 December 1938[70] | ? | 20 November 1941[71] | 25 December 1942 | 7 May 1952[72] |
| Ribbon bar | Name | Date | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Grand Cross of theNational Order of the Legion of Honour | 8 May 1945 | |
 | Grand Officer | 25 June 1944 | |
 | Commander | 1 October 1940 | [73] |
 | Officer | 28 December 1924 | [74] |
 | Knight | 10 December 1914 | [75] |
| Ribbon bar | Name | Source | |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Military medal | [10] | |
 | War Cross 1914–1918 – One palm, two silver stars, one bronze star | [10] | |
 | War Cross 1939–1945 – Five palms | [10] | |
 | War Cross T.O.E. | [10] | |
 | 1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal | [10] | |
 | 1914–1918 Commemorative war medal | [10] | |
_ribbon.svg) | Colonial Medal – Clasp "Maroc" and "Tunisie" | [10] | |
| Ribbon bar | Name | Country | Source |
|---|---|---|---|
 | Knight Grand Cross of theOrder of the Bath | United Kingdom | [10] |
 | Grand Cross of theOrder of Leopold | Belgium | [10] |
  | War Cross – One palm | Belgium | [10] |
 | ChiefCommander of theLegion of Merit | United States | [10] |
 | Distinguished Service Medal | United States | [10] |
 | Grand Cross of theOrder of Malta | Malta | [10] |
.svg) | Sherifian Order of Military Merit | Morocco | [10] |
 | Cross of Grunwald – 1st class | Poland | [76] |
For his promotion to Knight of the National Order of the Legion of Honour:
Officer who stands out everywhere for his courage, his glance and his decision. Wounded by a shrapnel that took away his hand for weeks, he insisted on remaining, despite the suffering he felt, at the head of his section. On 17 September, separated from his battalion by the emptiness caused by a deadly attack, remained in his position despite heavy losses suffered by his troop. Continues to give daily proof of his bravery.
— Journal Officiel de la République Française, 22 January 1915[75]
For his promotion to Commander of the National Order of the Legion of Honour:
General commanding a motorized division, has asserted himself, during the operations of the 1st Army, as a leader and an outstanding maneuver. In Gembloux, from the moment of contact, pushed back a particularly aggressive enemy by inflicting the heaviest losses. During the retreat ordered by the High Command, placed at the extreme protruding of the device, cleared by three times in particularly difficult circumstances. During the final leap that he was to make, hung by the enemy on a flank discovered by the rupture of a large framing unit, locked himself in Lille and offered the enemy a strong resistance to the complete wear and tear of all his ammunition. Made his division, the 15th DMI, a great unit that deserves to be cited as an example for its maneuverability, its tenacity, and the high morale that has always animated it.
— Journal Officiel de l'État français, 2 February 1941[73]
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